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3. 英语介词宾语的范围较宽,可以与名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语以及从句组成介词结构。间或形容词也可以放在介词后面。
This is a birthday gift for my mother. (名词)
His name is fairly well known to us. (代词)
She went to Tokyo during the summer vacation. (专有名词)
It is our great pleasure to greet a friend from afar. (副词)
It is far from perfect (satisfactory). (形容词)
The student always pays attention to whatever the teacher is saying. (句子)
We laughed at what he said.(句子 )
汉语的介词只能与名词、代词或名词性词组组合为介词结构:
我从去年开始学习德语。(名词)
她很亲热。(代词)
我们要对学生负责。(词组)
4. 英语介词具有丰富多样的词汇意义,特别是可以表达汉语中常用动词来表达的概念。汉语的介词,只有引导和介入名词与代词的语法意义。如:
by train 乘火车
against the proposal 反对这项提议
around the centre 围绕中心
before everything 居于首位
off shore 离岸
for principled unity 主张有原则的团结
in the rain 淋着雨
toward the south 朝南
“that government of the people, by the people and for the people,…”这是林肯在葛提斯堡所发表的著名演说中说的。这段文字中,一连用了三个介词of、by、for,译者把它译为,“民有、民治、民享之政府”,使译文更加明确、简洁。
5. 英语介词组合能力很强,可以与动词组合而表示十分丰富的词汇意义。
以put为例:
put in 放进,投入,花费
put into 插入,把……放进
put off 推迟;劝阻
put across 做成,使人接受
put by 把......放在旁边