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实际上,英语语言的各个层次,短语,句子,复句都可呈现出向右扩展的样态。短语层面的向左扩展就是将修饰语放在名词之前。例如:
parties concerned 有关各方
consul general 总领事
President-elect 当选总统
court martial 军事法庭
句子层面的例子更是不胜枚举。
1. The firemen did everything necessary to put out the forest fire.
为了扑灭森林大火,消防队员们尽了一切必要的努力。
2. There are a lot of Chinese commodities available for export at the Guangzhou Trade Fair.
广交会上有很多供出口的中国商品。
3. The moon is a world that is completely still and where utter silence prevails.
月球是ー个声断音绝的世界,是ー个万籁倶寂的世界。
4. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.
诚然,一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
从以上例子中可以看到,英语的词、短语、从句在作修饰语时都可以放在修饰的名词之后,多数情况形成了左短右长的结构,这是形成向左扩展的机制,即后置语序的ー个原因。此外,由于有形态形式(关系副词、关系代词等)的帮助,在中心词的右面有很大的空间可以容纳扩展。特别是修饰名词的定语从句,可以一句连接一句。例如:
5. They seem to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unmerited fatigue, and by victories which almost exceeded belief.
他们对那些酬劳看来是很得意的,那些酬劳是他们历尽千辛万苦,通过取得令人难以置信的胜利得来的。