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英语句子中状语的拆译是简单句的拆译中最常见、最广泛的种情况。英语句子的状语可由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等表示,这几种形式的状语在必要时都可以拆译成单独的句子。以下分别进行讨论。
(一) 单个副词的拆译
有时候,英语句中的某个状语,虽然是单个的副词,但也很难和全句译在一起,如硬揉合在一起译出,会使译文别扭。在这种情况下,如能把这一单个的副词抽出另译,往往可使句子颇为可取。试看以下各例:
1. But burning, too much glucose can dangerously reduce the amount of glucose in the blood.
可是,消耗过多的葡萄糖会减少血液中葡萄糖的含量,这是很危险的。
2. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.
古代人曾试图解释虹是怎样形成的,但没有成功。
3. Until this year, scientists knew only of materials that would superconduct at temperature impractically close to absolute zero.
在今年以前,科学家们还只知道温度接近绝对零度时 (这是不可能办到的)才能超导的材料。
4. These patients have tried every other treatment unsuccessfully.
这些病人巳接受过其它各种治疗,但未能奏效,
5. Surprisingly, a person can survive a 40 to 50 degree temperature drop in his hands and feet , but only a small drop temperature of the boby core can cause deaths.
即令手脚温度降低四五十度,人仍能存活,但体内温度只要降低几度,人就会死去,这是颇为令人惊异的。
(二)介词短语的拆译
如果英语句中作状语的介词短语的结构较为复杂,或虽不复杂,但难于译成汉语的相应状语,就可拆译出来、使之成为一个小句子。有意义的是,这些介词短语拆译后,往往可和句中的其它部分一起译成汉语的各种偏正复句,所得译文相当匀称。试看以下各例:
6. The bat managed to fly between the wires in spite of having his eyes covered.
蝙蝠的眼睛虽然被蒙上了,但它仍能在电线间飞来飞去。
7. Such projectiles are considered to have a better effect on target by virtue of their more regular fragmentation pattern.
由于这类殚丸的破碎比较規则,所以人们认为它们对目标的杀伤作用更好些。
8. The fragments from the meteor enter the atrnosphere at a speed many times greater than that of a rifle bullet.
流星碎片进入大气层时,其速度要比枪弹速度大许多倍。