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介词又称前置词,不能单独用作句子成分,只能表示名词或代词等和句中其它词之间的关系。英语介词丰富,使用频繁而复杂,以致有人说英语是介语的语言。汉语中也有介词,但数量有限,使用不多,词与词之间的关系主要是通过词序和意会来区分的。因此,英译汉时,介词除转译为汉语动词等词类外,减去不译的情况比较多见,试看以下各例:
1. In 1980 weapons transfers amounted to perhaps $ 120 billion in the world.
1980年,全世界的武器交易额约达一千二百亿美元之巨。(两个in均减译)
2. Cod一liver oil can be toxic in high doses.
(服用)大剂量鱼肝油可能会引起中毒。(in减译)
3. He will start for Beijing tomorrow and stay there for two weeks.
明天他将启程去北京,并在那里逗留两周。(第二个for减译)
4. There are many kinds of bacteria which vary in shape and in size.
细菌有许多种,形状和大小各不相同。(Of和两个in均减译)
5. Whenever a current flows through a resistance, a potential difference exists at the two ends of the resistance.
电流通过电阻时,电阻的两端就有电位差。 (at减译)
6. The drag reduction unit potentially increases maximum range by 23%.
这种减阻装置可把最大射程提高23%。(by减译)
7. Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1. 008.
氢是最轻的元素,其原子量为1. 008。(with减译〕
8. A new study shows there is virtually no risk of getting AIDS through casual contacts.
一项新的研究表明,偶然的接触实际上并不会染上文 滋病,(through减译〉
至于和动词搭配成短语动词的介词以及和形容词搭配成短语形容词的介词,则一般都应减去不译,例如:
9. Physicsis the science that deals with matter.
物理学是研究物质的科学。 (with和动词to deal构成短语动词,减译)