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英语中有大量的词组动词,通常由动词+副词或介词构成。这类动词意义灵活,使用方便,但是其意义不易确定,所以,在科技论文中就不宜过多出现,而宜采用与之相对应的、意义明确的单个词构成的动词,例如:通常使用“ absorb”来替代“take in”,用“discover”来替代“find out”,用 “accelerate”来替代“ speed up”这类动词除了具有意义明确、精练的特点外,还具有语体庄重、正式的特点。下面是ー组对照,横线右侧的 例子更适合于专业论文或书面文体。
to use up — to exhaust
to wear away — to erode
to push into — to insert
to speed up — to accelerate
to increase in amount — to accumulate
to throw back 一 to reflect
to put in 一 to add
to pull towards — to attract
to carry out ——to perform
to use up — to consume
to breathe in 一 to inhale
to think about 一 to consider
to spread out — to diffuse
to find out — to discover
to throw out, to get rid of — to eliminate
to take away 一 to remove
to push away — to repel
to pour out over the top — to overflow
to get together ——to concentrate
to drive forward — to propel
to fill up — to occupy
to keep up — to maintain
to pass on — to transmit, to transfer
to hang up — to suspend
英语词汇有两套系统,一套来自英语的本族同,即安格鲁•撒克逊词,这一类词中单音节词居多,语体口语化或中性;另ー套系统源于法语、拉丁语、以多音节为主要特点,语体正式。科技文章多使用源于法语、拉丁语和希腊语的词汇,下例两组词中,第二列为正式文体所常用的词: