——不断深化国际合作。中国与60多个国家和国际组织签署了120多份粮食和农业多双边合作协议、60多份进出口粮食检疫议定书，与140多个国家和地区建立了农业科技交流和经济合作关系，与50多个国家和地区建立了双边农业合作工作组。中国始终将支持非洲农业发展和粮食安全作为对非合作的优先重点领域。截至2016年，中国共帮助50多个非洲国家实施近500个农业援助项目，包括成套项目、技术援助项目、物资项目等，涉及农业种植、粮食仓储、农业机械、农田灌溉及农产品加工等领域。2013年以来，中国积极推进共建“一带一路”，与参与国建立经贸合作关系，推动粮食领域合作。

– Deeper international cooperation. China has signed more than 120 bilateral and multilateral agreements on food and agriculture cooperation with over 60 countries and international organizations, and more than 60 inspection and quarantine protocols for food imports and exports. It has established exchanges in agricultural science and economic cooperation with over 140 countries and regions, and formed bilateral work groups on agricultural cooperation with more than 50 countries and regions. China has always prioritized agricultural development and food security in its cooperation with African countries. As of 2016, China had provided assistance to more than 50 African countries in implementing nearly 500 agricultural programs, including complete projects, technical support and material supply, in the areas of farming, food storage, agricultural machinery, farmland irrigation, and agroproduct processing. Since it launched the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, China has strengthened trade and economic relations with many participating countries to promote cooperation in the food industry.

　　——积极参与世界粮食安全治理。积极响应和参与联合国粮农组织、世界粮食计划署等涉粮国际组织的倡议和活动。推动增强非洲等发展中国家在涉粮国际组织中的代表性和发言权，支持发展中国家的合理诉求。致力于落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，制定《中国落实2030年可持续发展议程国别方案》，发布《中国落实2030年可持续发展议程进展报告》，为其他国家落实工作提供有益借鉴。积极参与国际食品法典、国际植物保护公约等国际规则制定，成功推动世界动物卫生组织、国际标准化组织等10多项农药残留国际标准、谷物国际运输标准、国际贸易粮食检疫措施标准等国际标准的制定，主导制修订小麦规格、玉米规格等多项粮食国际标准。牵头推动亚洲合作对话“粮食、水与能源安全相互关系”工作，积极参与东盟与中日韩10+3大米紧急储备机制，先后发起或主办亚太经合组织农业和粮食安全部长会议、二十国集团农业部长会议、金砖国家农业部长会议、中国－拉丁美洲和加勒比农业部长论坛、中国－太平洋岛国农业部长会议、世界农业展望大会等重要国际会议，推动各国在粮食安全治理方面形成共识。

– Actively participating in world food security governance. China has actively responded to and participated in the initiatives and activities organized by the UNFAO, the World Food Programme, and other international organizations for agriculture. It has worked to enhance the representation and voice of Africa and other developing countries in international organizations for agriculture, lending support to their reasonable demands. It is committed to implementing the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and has developed its country program for the Agenda and released a report on its progress for the Agenda, providing beneficial experience for other countries to do their work. China is engaged in the development of the Codex Alimentarius, International Plant Protection Convention, and other international rules. It led the formulation of and revisions to international standards on the specifications of wheat, corn, and other foods, and facilitated the development of about a dozen international standards on pesticide residues, grain transport, and food inspection and quarantine in foreign trade initiated by the World Organization for Animal Health and the International Standardization Organization. In order to push for consensus on food security governance, it took the lead in promoting the Asia Cooperation Dialogue on the relationship of food, water and energy security, and joined the 10+3 rice emergency reserve between ASEAN countries, China, Japan, and the ROK. It has also initiated or hosted APEC ministerial meetings on agriculture and food security, G20 meetings of agricultural ministers, BRICS meetings of agricultural ministers, the China-Latin America and the Caribbean Agricultural Ministers Forum, the China-Pacific Island Countries Agriculture Ministers Meeting, and the World Agricultural Outlook Conference.

　　——提供力所能及的国际紧急粮食援助。应有关国家紧急粮食援助请求，无偿提供力所能及的多双边紧急粮食援助，对缓解有关国家人道主义危机、促进世界消除饥饿目标的实现，发挥了积极作用，得到国际社会和有关国家的高度评价。

– Providing emergency food assistance within its capacity. In response to the emergency food needs of other countries, China has provided bilateral and multilateral free emergency food assistance within its capacity, playing a positive role in alleviating humanitarian crises and facilitating global efforts toward eliminating hunger, for which it has won recognition and commendation from the international community.

　　四、未来展望与政策主张

　　当前，中国粮食连年丰收、库存充裕、供应充足、市场稳定，粮食安全形势持续向好。展望未来，中国有条件、有能力、有信心依靠自身力量筑牢国家粮食安全防线。国家粮食安全保障政策体系基本成型，全面实施国家粮食安全战略，依靠自己保口粮，集中国内资源保重点，使粮食之基更牢靠、发展之基更深厚、社会之基更稳定。农业供给侧结构性改革尚有很大空间，粮食科技进步、单产提高、减少损失浪费、利用非粮食食物等方面还有较大潜力可供挖掘。充足的粮食储备可以保障粮食市场供应和市场基本稳定，现代化的粮食仓储物流体系可以防止出现区域性阶段性粮食供给紧张问题，市场机制充分发挥作用能够解决品种结构矛盾。

IV. Prospects and Policies

China has recently enjoyed a run of good harvests. There are adequate grain supplies and reserves, and a stable grain market, which are indicators of increasing food security. Looking to the future, China has the conditions, capabilities and confidence to enhance food security relying on its own efforts. A national system of food security guarantee policies is in place. China’s food strategy in the new era consists of ensuring security of food through food self-sufficiency, pooling domestic resources to ensure key links in food security, and securing food supply as a foundation for national development and social stability. There is plenty of space for supply-side structural reform in China’s agriculture industry; there is plenty of room for progress in China’s agro-technology, in terms of increasing per unit area yield, reducing food waste, and developing non-grain foods. Adequate grain reserves help ensure market supply and a basically stable market; a modernized grain storage and logistics system helps prevent regional or provisional food supply crises; market mechanisms in full play help improve the structure of grain varieties.

　　从中长期看，中国的粮食产需仍将维持紧平衡态势，确保国家粮食安全这根弦一刻也不能放松。从需求形势看，随着经济社会发展，人均口粮消费将稳中略降，饲料和工业转化用粮消费继续增加，粮食消费总量刚性增长，粮食消费结构不断升级。从生产形势看，农业生产成本仍在攀升，资源环境承载能力趋紧，农业基础设施相对薄弱，抗灾减灾能力有待提升，在确保绿色发展和资源永续利用的同时，稳定发展粮食生产压力较大。从流通形势看，粮食生产将继续向核心产区集中，跨区域粮食流通量将进一步增加，粮食市场大幅波动的风险依然存在。

In the medium to long term, China’s grain production and demand will remain closely aligned, which means China must not slacken its efforts to ensure food security. Per capita grain consumption and demand will drop slightly with social and economic development; the consumption of grain as feed for livestock and grain used for industrial purposes will continue to rise; total grain consumption will increase and pursue higher quality. In terms of grain production, agricultural costs are still rising, and resource and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) is broaching its limit. Agricultural infrastructure is comparatively weak, and capacity for disaster prevention and relief must be improved. China will find itself under considerable pressure to maintain steady grain production while ensuring green development and sustainable resource use. In terms of grain circulation, grain production will continue to be concentrated in core production areas. Transregional grain flows will increase, and there is still the risk of dramatic fluctuations in the grain market.