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it用作先行代词(亦称引导词)时,常可在句中担任形式主语或形式宾语。
(一)作形式主语
当英语的动词+定式短语、动名词短语或从句充当句子的主语时,出于句子结构的需要,常将这些主语置于谓语之后,而待代词it放在主语的位置上,此时的it为形式主语。由于it在这种情况下只起引导作用,无任何词汇意义,所以应减去不译。
A.代替动词不定式
1) It is preferable to use small caliber gun in AA defense.
在对空作战中,使用小口径火炮较为可取。
2) It is impossible to say how much sleep is ideal.
要说清多长时间的睡眠才合乎理想是不可能的。
B.代替动名词
3) lt saves an enormous amount of time figuring on an eletronic calculator.
用电子计算机进行运算可以节省大量的时间。
4) It is no use heating the material to such a temperature.
把材料加热到这样的温度没有用处。
c. 代替主语从句
5) At one time, it was thought that nothing could possible live very deep down in the oceans because there would be no light there and it would be very very cold.
人们曾一度认为,海洋的深处不可能有生命,因为那里没有光线,而且极冷。
6) It is probable that the patient died of myocardinal infarction.
那个病人很可能是死于心肌梗塞。
7) It is a pity that the result of this test is not satisfactory.
遗憾的是,这次实验的结果不能尽如人意。
应当指出,在科技英语中,用it作形式主语代替从句的现象比比皆是,其固定句型不胜枚举。不过这些句型一般都有约定俗成的译法,不会遇到什么困难。下面作一简单的介绍。
(A) It is +形容词 +that从句
It is apparent that…显然,显而易见
It is certain that…可以肯定
It is conceivable that …不难想象
It is doubtful that…值得怀疑的是
It is notable that…应当注意的是
It is preferable that…最好是
It is probable that…也许,可能