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概略化(generalization)是指采用虚化的方式来翻译原文较为具体化的表达方式。英语中常出现一些字面意义比较明确、具体、实在或形象的词句,但从上下文所表述的精神实质来看,作者的真正意图有时并不强调这些词句所表示的具体事物或概念,而是着意于一些概括性的、泛指的或一般性的事理。譬如用 deadlock(打不开的锁)来指"僵局",用 circulation desk (流通桌子)来只指"借阅处"。在这种情况下,译者可以反其字面意义,从汉语中选择含义抽象、概括或笼统的译词加以表达。这种概略化的译法更加符合事理的逻辑和汉语的表意习惯,更能给读者一个完整的印象。一般说来,概略化的译法可分为以下两种情况:
A. 具体词义概略化。原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词语,采用汉语中含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。例如:
(1) The United States is often depicted as a nation that has been devouring the world's mineral resources.
人们常把美国说成是一个挥霍世界矿物资源的国家。
( devour 原义为"吞食")
(2) A single thermonuclear bomb today has the destructive force of all the bombs and other explosives of World War II.
今天,一枚热核弹头的杀伤力就相当于二次大战中全部炮火的总和。
(bomb 和 explosive 的原义分别为"炸弹"和"炸药")
(3) Monday-morning quarterbacking about Israel's lack of preparedness for the October war plunged the country into a new political crisis last week.
人们在事后指责以色列在十月战争中缺乏准备。上周,这种指责将以色列推入了一场新的政治危机。
(Monday-morning quarterbacking 如用具体化处理就是"星期一上午的四分后卫")
(4) For generations coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy sources used to transport men form place to place.
几十年来,煤和石油一直被认为是交通运输的重要能源。(transport…place 概略化译出)
B. 具体概念概略化。原文中某些字面意义比较实在或形象的词组或短语等改译成汉语中比较概括或笼统的说法。例如:
(1)In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table.
在现代世界上,盐除了供食用外,还有许多其他用途。
(dining table 原文为"饭桌")
(2) Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.
孕妇和哺乳期的妇女可能需要维生素。
(breast…children 原义为"给自己的孩子喂奶")
(3) ATGMs alone cannot be expected to bear the burden of the MBT threat.
不能单单指望反坦克导弹来对付主战坦克的威胁。
( bear……of 原义为"承受……的重担")
(4) The scene is a dramatic reenactment of one among thousands of spontaneous that led up to the revolution.
这个非同寻常的事件,只不过是最终导致革命的千万个自发行动之一。
(dramatic reenactment 如具体化翻译就是"戏剧的再现")
(5) Cyrus Vance has always been a clean-desk man, so it did not take him long to prepare to leave Washington.
万斯办事向来有条不紊, 因此, 他并没花大量的时间就作好了离开华盛顿的准备。
(6)Don't worry about it, for the project is on the fire.
别担心,他们正在审议这个计划呢。
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