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在现代汉语中,如果有两个词或词组指同一事物,一个用在句中充当句子成分,另一个放在句外。居于结构之外的成分叫外位语,处在结构之内的成分叫本位语,后者常常是一个代词。如:青春,这是多么美好的时光啊!这里“青春”是外位语,“这”是本位语。从形式上看,外位语(extra- position )很像同位语(apposition),但又不同于同位语,外位语指的是独立于句子之外,同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分。外位语的使用往往是说话人为了突出某事物,在句前说出或在句后补充说出该事物,同时又在全句中用代词指称这一事物。
英语也有外位语结构,如:Jane Austen, she was a novelist. 这里 “ Jane Austen ”也是外位语结构。不过,汉语中外位语的使用远比在英语中普遍。汉语外位语结构英译时,可套用英语的外位语结构。汉语外位语英译的方法是多种多样的,究竟用哪一种方法,要看外位语结构的繁简和上下文来决定。
以下介绍几种汉语外位语英译的处理方法:
( 1 )译成相应的英语外位语结构
把这件事看得很严重,这我决不会。
To take such things seriously , that is what I should never do.
国家的统一,人民的团结,国内各民族的团结,这是我们的事业必定要胜利的基本保证。
The unification of our country, the unity of our people and the unity of our various nationalities —— these are the basic guarantees for the sure triumph of our cause.
“横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛”, ——这是鲁迅先生的方向,也是鲁迅先生的立场。
“Fierce-browed, I coldly defy a thousand pointing fingers; head bowed, like a willing ox, I serve the children.” — that was Lu Xun''s attitude and that was the position he took.
( 2 )译成一个独立句或并列分句
遇事想争个第一,而且能挣到第一,这就不简单。
He not only wants to excel —— he does excel. That''s not easy.
帝国主义的许多侵略机构,如学校、医院及教堂等,这些都应由中国人来办。
The imperialists have many institutions of aggression like schools and colleges, hospitals and churches. These must all be taken over by the Chinese.
要解决问题,还须作系统的周密的调查工作和研究工作,这就是分析的过程。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study. This is the process of analysis.
( 3 )用 it 作形式主语或宾语,将外位结构转化为名词从句或不定式,放在句尾作逻辑主语或宾语。
不调查、不研究、提起笔来“硬写”,这就是不负责任的态度。
It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write” without investigation or study.
一个人坐在房子里孤陋寡闻,这样不行。
It''s no good for us to shut ourselves up in a room, remaining ignorant and uninformed.
敌人的武力是不能征服我们的,这点已经得到证明了。
It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.