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翻译时,弥合此类语义空缺的关键是把握词语在语言交际中所获得的实际语境意义。语境意义可能与本义接近,也可能与本义相去甚远;可能是本义的引申,也可能与本义南辕北辙。如果词语的语境意义与本义相去甚远或与本义南辕北辙,语际交际中的词级对等转换已无法完成信息传递任务,更谈不上语义等值。请看例句:
例1. The emergence of the peoples of the third world and their struggle for identity will lead to the flowering of diverse concepts of life in the future.(马祖毅:《英译汉技巧浅谈》)
例2. 他父亲给他娶了个媳妇,今年才二十岁,也有几分人材,又兼生性轻薄,最喜拈花惹草。(《红楼梦》第二十一回)
例3. 那媳妇子故作浪语,在下说道:“你们姐儿出花儿,供着娘娘,你也该忌两日,倒为我腌膳了身子,快离开我这里罢。”(《红楼梦》第二十一回)
例1中的“flowering”和例2中的“花”在实际语境中已被赋予引申意义,而例6中的“花儿”与花的本义已相去甚远。在这种情况下,语境意义至关重要,对应词的词级语际转换已毫无意义。故此,上述例句应分别译为:
1. 第三世界人民的兴起,以及他们为统一而进行的斗争将丰富未来生活的各种观念。(马祖毅:《英译汉技巧浅谈》)
2.His parents had found him a wife who was now just about twenty,and whose good looks were the admiration of all. But she was a flighty creature who loved nothing better than to have affairs. (杨宪益译)
3. To inflame him further, the woman under him teased,"your daughter has smallpox and they're sacrificing in your home to the goddess. You ought to lead a clean life for a couple of days, not dirty yourself for me. Hurry up and get out of here. (ibid)
由此可见,语际交际中,对应词之间的语义空缺只能由词语的语境意义去填补。语境意义既受语言因素的影响,也受言语因素的制约,与客观现实世界中的具体事实相对应,同使用语言的人的身份、修养、经历密切相关。译者只有统盘考虑上述诸因素,才能恰到好处地弥合翻译中遇到的词汇空缺和语义空缺。
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