- 签证留学 |
- 笔译 |
- 口译
- 求职 |
- 日/韩语 |
- 德语
在此,我们将因理解障碍而难免于误译或硬译的根由归纳如下:
第一、原语所指不明。在大多数情况下,这是最常见的原因,译者只好诉诸于各种机械主义(如按“字面意义”face value、“字字对译”word-for-word)的翻译方法。
第二、缺乏辩证统一的语言观,受同质语言观的观念制约,即将汉语的异质性特征泛化,没有看到外语有异于汉语。以汉语为母语的人对语言符号的任意性常常认识不足,面将形、音、义之间的联系倾向于看成必然化,从而形成一种文本理解的思维定势:
在中国思想中,言语、思考论证及现实事物的发生过程之间有种自然而固有的相关性。由于中国语言是画意拟声的,因此双关的论证在“似声者必似义”的原则下可以接受。相似者互相感应,字声、字形类似者其意义亦类似。因此,甚至字、句实际的发音,也与其意义有本质上的关联,也是论证过程的一主要成分。
关于这一点,索绪尔评论说:“每一种语言都有其独特而专断的方法以组织世界并以之化为自己的观念。”
第三、语言屏障阻隔或阻断准确理解的通道,德里达称之为“文字的暴力”(““the violence of the letter,”Derrida:1967)。我们从语言文字本质特征来看,确实具有“暴力”性质:它一方面可以不顾作者、取代作者“权威”,而代之以文本自己的自主性(Ricoeur:1991);另一方面它也可以不顾读者和作者的原意,而以自己可能产生的视觉联想,将意义强加于读者。利科认为,一旦摆脱了文本作者的当下性(在场),文本就超出了作者自己,并加之以文本语义的历史的、心理的、社会的羁绊,文本产生了自我性。福柯曾经从“作者一功能”(“author-function”)的角度谈到一个常常忽略的事实:作者的功能实际上被“文字的暴力”挤压在一个十分狭小的境地里。福氏在其著名的论文What Is an Author? 中说:
Further elaboration would, of course, disclose other characteristics of the "author-function,”but I have limited myself to the four that seemed the most obvious and important. They can be summarized in the following manner: the "author-function" is tied to the legal and institutional systems that circumscribe, determine, and articulate the realm of discourses; it does not operate in a uniform manner in all discourses, at all times, and in any given culture; it is not defined by the spontaneous attribution of a text to its creator, but through a series of precise and complex procedures; it does not refer, purely and simply, to actual individual insofar as it simultaneously gives rise to a variety of egos and to a series of subjective positions that individuals of any class may come to occupy.
福柯的意思是说:首先,作者的文本受到他所处的时代的典章制度的束缚,他是不能随心所欲的;其次,他的文本不具有什么超文化、超时空性;其三,作者与文本之间不存在自然归属性,文本有其本身的精致人微的发展程式来限制作者;最后,文本具有同时指代多重自我、产生一系列主体的功能,文本作者并不具有主宰文本的绝对权威。后现代主义文论家认为“文字的暴力”表现为一柄双面刀:一面对付作者,一面对付读者。
第四,忽视互文性(intertextual)参照的,孤立地就文本分析文本,必然导致谬误。准确的理解常常需要参照与此一文本有关的彼一文本,在相互参照中澄清、探明、校正或冰释此一文本中的题难。这就是说任何文本都不是孤立现象,它与别的文本之间具有千丝万缕的联系:
Recent theorists have argued that works are made out of other works: made possible by prior works which they take up, repeat, challenge, transform. This notion sometimes goes by the fancy name of "intertextuality." A work cxists between and among other texts, through its relations to them. To read something as literature is to consider it as a linguistic event that has meaning in relation to other discourses: for
example, as a poem that plays on possibilities created by previous poems or as a novel that puts on stage and criticizes the political rhetoric of its day.