长期以来，中国面临着劳动力供大于求的总量性矛盾，稳定和扩大就业的任务十分繁重。中国政府始终把促进就业作为经济社会发展的优先目标，以充分开发和合理利用人力资源为出发点，实施扩大就业的发展战略和积极的就业政策，促进城乡劳动者提高整体素质，逐步实现更加充分的社会就业。不断强化各级政府在促进就业方面的责任，持续加大公共投入，促进平等就业。通过加强就业援助，开展职业技能培训，帮助就业困难人员和零就业家庭实现就业。建设城乡统一的人力资源市场，为城乡劳动者提供平等的就业机会和服务。通过政策扶持和市场导向，解决了国有企业3000多万下岗职工再就业问题，实现下岗职工基本生活保障向失业保险的并轨。2005年至2009年，全国城镇新增就业5000多万人，农业富余劳动力向非农产业转移就业近4500万人。2009年末，城镇登记失业人数921万人，城镇登记失业率4.3％ 。

　　2008年国际金融危机爆发后，为应对国际金融危机的冲击，中国政府实施更加积极的就业政策。实施困难企业缓缴社会保险费或降低部分社会保险费率、相关税收减免等政策，鼓励企业稳定和增加就业。实施特别职业培训计划，开展就业服务系列活动，多渠道开辟就业岗位。以高校毕业生就业为重点，大力促进高校毕业生到城乡基层、到中小企业和非公有制企业就业。2009年全年城镇新增就业超过1100万人，高校毕业生就业率达到87.4％ ，下岗失业人员再就业超过500万人，困难群体再就业超过150万人。

Long facing the difficulty that supply of labor outstrips demand, China always has the arduous task to secure stable employment and create more jobs. The Chinese government always makes employment promotion the top priority for economic and social development. To fully develop and make effective use of human resources, it imple-ments a strategy that promotes job creation and a policy that actively increases employment, and strives to help urban and rural workers en-hance their overall qualities, gradually expanding employment. The government is shouldering more responsibilities in promoting em-ployment, and government investment has been increased to provide equal employment opportunities for all. By intensifying its efforts in offering employment assistance such as occupational skill training courses, the government helps zero-employment families and people who have difficulty finding employment land jobs. A unified labor market has been set up to provide equal opportunities and services for both urban and rural workers. Relying on policy support and market orientation, the government has solved the re-employment problem for over 30 million workers laid off by state-owned enterprises, and incorporated subsistence allowances of laid-off workers into their unemployment insurance. From 2005 to 2009, over 50 million new jobs were provided in urban areas, and nearly 45 million surplus rural workers were transferred to non-agricultural sectors. At the end of 2009 the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas was 9.21 million, with an unemployment rate of 4.3%.

After the 2008 financial crisis swept the world, the Chinese gov-ernment adopted a more active employment policy to meet the chal-lenge. For enterprises in difficulties, it postponed their payment of social insurance premiums or lowered the rate of some social insurance premiums; and it adopted relevant tax reduction or exemption policies, encouraging enterprises to maintain or increase their levels of em-ployment. Moreover, the government carried out a special vocational training program, and launched a series of employment service activi-ties, striving to create more jobs through multiple channels. Focusing on college graduates, it encouraged them to find jobs at the primary level, in medium-sized and small, and non-public enterprises. In 2009 a total of 11 million urban jobs were created; the employment rate of college graduates reached 87.4%; over five million laid-off workers found new jobs; and over 1.5 million people with difficulty finding jobs got re-employed.

　　实施人才强国战略

　　人才是经济社会发展的第一资源，在国家现代化建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用。中国历来重视人才工作，进入新世纪作出实施人才强国战略的重大决策，努力造就数以亿计的高素质劳动者、数以千万计的专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才，建设规模宏大、结构合理、素质较高的人才队伍。2001年，中国政府将实施人才战略纳入国民经济和社会发展五年规划。2006年以来，加强对人才资源开发的顶层设计和系统规划，先后制定《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》、《国家中长期人才发展规划纲要（2010—2020年）》和《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010—2020年）》等三个国家中长期发展规划纲要，确立在经济社会发展中人才优先发展的战略布局，统筹城乡、区域、产业、行业和不同所有制人才资源开发，促进人人平等享受人才政策和平等参与人才开发，努力实现各类人才队伍协调发展。

　　为适应建设创新型国家的需要，中国政府设立“863计划”、“973计划”、国家科技支撑计划、自然科学基金等国家科技计划（基金），建设国家工程研究中心和国家工程实验室，实施“百千万人才工程”、“长江学者奖励计划”等重大人才项目，不断增加科技投入，实施专业技术人才知识更新工程，培养造就了一支具有较大规模和较高水平的科技人才队伍，引进了一批海外高层次人才。2008年，全国研究与发展（R&D）折合全时人员达196.54万人年，其中科学家和工程师159.34万人年，分别是1991年的2.9倍和3.4倍；全国设立博士后科研流动站2146个、博士后科研工作站1642个，博士后研究人员达7万多人。

Implementing the strategy of rejuvenating China through human resources development

Human resources are the primary factor in economic and social development, and are playing an increasingly important role in China’s modernization. China has always paid great attention to human re-sources development. In the new century, China has made a major de-cision to rejuvenate the nation through human resources development, aiming to train thousands of millions of high-quality workers, hun-dreds of millions of professionals and a large group of top-notch inno-vative personnel, and set up a large-scale and rationally structured contingent of high-caliber personnel. In 2001 the Chinese government incorporated this strategy into the Five-Year Plan for National Eco-nomic and Social Development. Since 2006 it has intensified efforts in the sphere of top-level design and systematic planning of human re-sources development. It formulated the Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Scientific and Technological Develop-ment (2006-2020), Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Human Resources Development (2010-2020) and Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Educational Reform and Development (2010-2020), focusing on a strategy of prioritizing human resources development in the course of economic and social development. The plans formed the country’s guidelines on the overall development of human resources in urban and rural areas, among dif-ferent regions, industries and trades, and among the public and non-public sectors, ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity in benefiting from related policies and participating in human resources development, and striving to realize a coordinated development of human resources of all types.

To meet the need of establishing an innovative nation, the Chinese government has launched the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program), National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program), Na-tional Key Technology R&D Program, National Natural Science Foundation and other national programs and foundations. It has also built the National Engineering Research Center and the National En-gineering Laboratory, implemented the Skills Training Plan of the “Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand Project,” Changjiang Scholars Program and some other major human resources-related programs. In addition, it has invested more in science and technology and imple-mented the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Profes-sionals. As a result, it has trained a large number of scientific and tech-nical professionals with high qualifications, and attracted high-caliber personnel from overseas. In 2008 the full-time R&D personnel na-tionwide reached 1,965,400, some 2.9 times the 1991 figure. Among these there were 1,593,400 full-time scientists and engineers, 3.4 times the 1991 figure. A total of 2,146 centers for post-doctoral studies and 1,642 post-doctoral workstations were set up, and the number of post-doctoral researchers exceeded 70,000.