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模糊词语和模糊表达是法律翻译中很棘手的难题,如何翻译模糊词语呢?一般来说,可采取的方法有以下几种:
(1)对等译法
对等译法指两种不同语言之间的直译。在有些情况下,尤其是在法律文件起草人可能是有意使用模糊词语时,我们可以采取模糊对等翻译,即用一种语言的模糊词语去翻译另一种语言的模糊词语。
例1:“We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."
参考译文:“我们合众国的人民,为了组建一个更为完善的联邦;树立公正;保障国内安宁;建立共同的国防;增进一般福利;以及为我们自己和我们的后代确保自由的赐福;特为美利坚合众国制定并确立本宪法。”
译文解析:本句中的“pedfect”,“common”,“general”三个模糊词语,对应汉语可译成“完善的”、“共同的”、“一般的”。
例2:If a sentence of imprisonment is imposed,there are limits on the term of imprisonment—no more than six months or less than three years.
参考译文:如对之做出徒刑判决,其刑期也有限制—一不超过六个月或少于三年。
译文解析:英语中的“no more than”和汉语中的“至多,不超过”,“less than”和“少于”可谓“模糊对模糊”。
例3: It was reported by the police that the murderer was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck.
参考译文:据警方报道,该杀人犯又瘦又憔悴,后颈上有很深的皱纹。
译文解析:这个句子中有三个英语模糊词“thin”,“gaunt”和“deep”,可把它们相应译成三个汉语模糊词“瘦”、“憔悴”和“很深”。
(2)变异译法
有时,一种语言中用一个词表达模糊概念,可在翻译时却用另一种语言的非对等词来表达相同的模糊概念,这就是模糊变异译法。
例 4:The state constitution provides that it is lawful for the citizens to carry guns. In recent years hundreds and hundreds of innocent people have died of this and one need not look for a lesson.
参考译文:该州宪法规定,公民携带枪支是合法的,正因为如此,最近几年成千上万的无辜者惨遭身亡,教训历历在目。
译文解析:本句中hundreds and hundreds of 的意思是“几百”,这里译作“成千上万”,就是运用了模糊变异译法。