人民生活水平大幅提升。1952年，中国国内生产总值仅为679亿元，人均国内生产总值仅为119元。2018年，中国国内生产总值达到900309亿元，按不变价计算，比1952年增长174倍；人均国内生产总值达到64644元；人均国民总收入达到9732美元，高于中等收入国家平均水平。1956年，全国居民人均可支配收入仅为98元，人均消费支出仅为88元。2018年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到28228元，比1956年实际增长36.8倍；人均消费支出为19853元，比1956年实际增长28.5倍；全国居民恩格尔系数为28.4%，比1978年降低35.5个百分点。2018年，城镇居民家庭平均每百户家用汽车拥有量达41辆，农村居民家庭平均每百户家用汽车拥有量达22.3辆；全国居民每百户移动电话拥有量为249.1部。中共十八大以来，农村居民可支配收入实际增速连续多年快于城镇居民，城乡居民收入差距不断缩小，城乡居民人均可支配收入之比2018年已下降至2.69。
Between 1978 and 2018 the number of rural poor fell from 770 million to 16.6 million calculated against China’s poverty line set in 2010, and the incidence of poverty in rural areas dropped from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent. More than 10 million people rose and remained above the poverty line every year from 2012 to 2018. With the highest number of people moving out of poverty, China was the first developing country to realize one of the UN Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction. This achievement represented 70 percent of the global poverty reduction effort.
Living standards improved markedly. In 1952, China’s GDP was RMB67.9 billion, with a per capita GDP of RMB119. In 2018, China’s GDP reached RMB90 trillion, 175 times that of the 1952 figure in real terms. The per capita GDP was RMB64,644, and the per capita gross national income was US$9,732 – above the average level of middle-income countries. The per capita disposable income of Chinese citizens in 1956 was RMB98, and the per capita consumer spending was RMB88. In 2018, the per capita disposable income reached RMB28,228, a 36.8-fold increase in real terms over that of 1956; the per capita consumer spending was RMB19,853, a 28.5-fold increase over 1956 in real terms; the Engel coefficient was 28.4 percent, 35.5 percentage points lower than that of 1978. In 2018, every 100 urban households had 41 family cars, and every 100 rural households had 22.3 family cars; every 100 households had 249.1 mobile phones.
Following the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the real growth in disposable rural income has outpaced urban income. The gap between urban and rural incomes has narrowed, with the ratio falling to 2.69 in 2018.
饮水安全获得切实保障。实施农村饮水安全工程建设，2005年至2018年，全国累计解决5.2亿农村居民和4700多万农村学校师生的饮水安全问题，巩固提升了1.73亿农村人口供水保障水平，农村集中供水率和农村自来水普及率分别达到86%和81%。中国于2009年提前6年完成联合国千年发展目标提出的“饮水不安全人口减少一半”的目标。截至2018年，全国农村供水工程1100多万处，建立了比较完整的农村供水工程体系，农村供水服务总人口达到9.4亿人。开展全国重要饮用水水源地安全保障达标建设和检查评估，将618个供水人口20万以上地表水饮用水水源地及年供水量2000万立方米以上地下水饮用水水源地纳入《全国重要饮用水水源地名录（2016）》管理。按照水源地数量统计，2018年全国地级及以上城市871个在用集中式生活饮用水水源地中，达标水源地比例为90.9%。2018年全国居民有管道供水入户的户比重为90.0%，有安全饮用水的户比重为95.2%，获取饮用水无困难的户比重为96.3%。
Safe drinking water. A program was launched in 2005 to guarantee safe drinking water in rural areas. By the end of 2018, a total of 520 million rural residents and 47 million teachers and students in rural areas had gained access to safe drinking water, 173 million rural residents had a better and more steady supply of drinking water, and the percentages of centralized water supply and running water supply reached 86 percent and 81 percent in rural areas. In 2009 China attained one of the UN Millennium Development Goals – halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water – six years ahead of schedule. As of 2018, there were more than 11 million water supply facilities in rural areas, and a complete rural water supply system had been formed to serve 940 million people.
The government has conducted examination and assessment of key drinking water sources nationwide, to ensure they meet safety standards. In 2016, 618 surface water sources, each supplying drinking water for 200,000 people or more, and all ground water sources, each supplying 20 million or more cu m of drinking water annually, were incorporated into the Catalogue of China’s Major Drinking Water Sources. In 2018, 90.9 percent of the 871 drinking water sources serving cities at the prefecture level and above reached the required standard. In 2018, 90 percent of all households had piped water supply, 95.2 percent had access to safe drinking water, and 96.3 percent had convenient access to drinking water.
人民基本居住条件显著改善。改革开放前，在十分困难的条件下，城镇以单位为主体、农村以农户为主体，努力解决住房问题。改革开放后，开展城镇住房制度改革，稳步推进住房商品化、社会化，住房保障体系不断完善，住房保障能力持续提升，城乡居民住房条件大幅改善。2018年，城镇居民人均住房建筑面积达到39.0平方米，比1956年增加33.3平方米，增长5.8倍；农村居民人均住房建筑面积达到47.3平方米，比1978年增加39.2平方米，增长4.8倍。自2008年以来，大规模实施城镇保障性安居工程，开展农村危房改造工作。截至2018年，全国城镇保障性安居工程累计开工建设约7000万套，累计约2200万困难群众领取了公租房租赁补贴，合计帮助约2亿困难群众改善了住房条件；帮助数千万贫困农民告别原来的破旧泥草房、土坯房、树皮房等危房，住上基本安全房，农房抗震防灾能力和居住舒适度得到显著提升。改善城市和农村人居环境，开展生态修复、城市修补，推进建筑节能、绿色建筑及既有建筑节能改造，推进农村生活污水治理和农村生活垃圾收运处置体系建设。截至2018年，全国已有84%的行政村实现生活垃圾收运处置体系基本覆盖。
Improved housing conditions. Before the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, despite great difficulties, the government endeavored to address housing problems. At that time, housing was mainly provided by employers for workers in urban areas, while rural residents built their own houses. After 1978, urban housing reform was introduced to commercialize the sector, while the housing supply system was gradually improved. The housing conditions of urban and rural residents have improved markedly. In 2018, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.0 sq m, up by a factor of 5.8 from 1956, and that of rural residents was 47.3 sq m, up by a factor of 4.8 from 1978.
Since 2008, the government has introduced major construction projects to provide affordable housing to urban residents, and renovated dilapidated rural housing. By 2018, government subsidies had been used to build 70 million housing units in urban areas, 22 million poor people had received public rental subsidies, and 200 million poor people had received help for improving their housing conditions. The state has helped tens of millions of rural households move into proper accommodation, leaving their dilapidated houses built of such materials as beaten earth mixed with straw, adobe, timber and bark. There has been significant improvement in the capacity of rural housing to resist earthquakes and other natural disasters, and in the comfort level.
Efforts have been made in several areas:
• improving the living environment in cities and the countryside;
• carrying out environmental remediation and urban repair;
• promoting energy-saving architecture and green architecture;
• renovating existing buildings with energy-saving facilities;
• furthering domestic sewage treatment and building a system of collecting, transporting and disposing of household garbage in rural areas.
By 2018, 84 percent of all administrative villages were provided with garbage treatment.
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