——社会救助力度不断加大。1997年，中国开始在全国范围内建立最低生活保障制度，先后颁布了《城市居民最低生活保障条例》《社会救助暂行办法》，保障全体公民平等获取社会救助的权利。城市居民最低生活保障人数从1996年的84.9万人增长到2015年的1701.1万人，农村居民最低生活保障人数从1999年的265.8万人增长到2015年的4903.6万人。中国不断提高最低生活保障标准，2011年正式建立城乡低保标准动态调整机制，2015年城市低保平均标准为每人每月451元，月人均补助水平317元；农村低保平均标准为每人每月265元，月人均补助水平147元。中国先后制定了一系列的防灾减灾救灾规划和法规，灾害救助工作水平不断提高。2009年至2015年，累计下拨中央自然灾害生活救助资金694.6亿元，年均99亿元。2015年全国实施医疗救助9523.8万人次，支出医疗救助资金298.5亿元。为遭遇突发性、紧迫性、临时性生活困难，而其他社会救助制度暂时无法覆盖或救助之后基本生活暂时仍有严重困难的群众提供临时救助，2015年共有667.1万户次家庭获得临时救助。安全生产应急救援体系不断完善，全国共建立32个省级、316个市级应急救援指挥机构，煤矿、非煤矿山、化工等重点行业领域应急救援基地和应急救援队伍964个，2015年参与12438起救援，抢救遇险44344人。
——教育公平得到更好落实。城乡教育差距进一步缩小。深入推进义务教育均衡发展，统筹推进县域内城乡义务教育一体化改革发展，实施贫困地区义务教育薄弱学校改造等工程，全面改善农村义务教育学校和教学点基本办学条件。严格落实义务教育免试就近入学法律规定，推行学区制和九年一贯对口招生。2015年，国务院印发《关于进一步完善城乡义务教育经费保障机制的通知》，建立城乡统一、重在农村的义务教育经费保障机制，惠及1.4亿学生，其中包括1300多万进城务工人员随迁子女、3000万以上寄宿制学生、1200万左右民办学校就读学生、500万左右小规模学校的学生和特殊教育学生。从2011年秋季学期起，实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划，每年惠及3000多万学生。增加农村学生上重点大学的人数，自2012年起实施国家农村和贫困地区定向招生等专项计划，2015年共招收7.5万名学生，比2014年增长了10.5%。
Social assistance efforts continue to increase. In 1997, the Chinese government began to establish a nationwide system of basic living allowances. It promulgated the Regulations on Guaranteeing Basic Living Allowances for Urban Residents in 1999 and the Interim Measures for Social Assistance in 2014, to ensure all citizens have equal access to social assistance. From 1996 to 2015, the number of urban residents covered by the system of basic living allowances increased from 849,000 to 17.01 million, and, from 1999 to 2015, coverage of rural residents grew from 2.66 million to 49.04 million. The government continues to raise the basic living allowances. In 2011, it formally established a dynamic adjustment mechanism for basic living allowances. In 2015, the average basic living allowance line for urban residents was RMB451 per person per month, and the average monthly subsidy each person received from the government was RMB317. The average basic living allowance line for rural residents was RMB265 per person per month, and the average per capita monthly subsidy provided by the government was RMB147.
China has formulated a series of disaster prevention and relief plans and regulations, gradually strengthening and standardizing disaster relief work. From 2009 to 2015, the central government allocated RMB69.46 billion as natural disaster relief funds, averagely RMB9.9 billion for each year. In 2015, China provided medical assistance to 95.24 million people at a cost of RMB29.85 billion. The government also provides temporary relief to people who suffer sudden, urgent or temporary difficulties when other social assistance systems cannot cover them at the time, or people who still lack basic necessities after receiving assistance. In 2015, 6.67 million households received temporary relief. The industrial safety and emergency rescue system has been continuously improved. Altogether 32 provincial and 316 municipal emergency rescue centers, and 964 emergency rescue bases and teams have been established nationwide, covering coal, non-coal mines, chemicals, and other key industries. In 2015, they took part in 12,438 missions and rescued 44,344 people.
Equal access to education has improved. The gap between urban and rural education has been further narrowed. The Chinese government further promotes the balanced development of compulsory education, carries forward unified reform and development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas of counties, implements such projects as renovation of unsatisfactory compulsory education schools in poor areas, and works to improve conditions for compulsory education schools and teaching venues in rural areas.
The Chinese government strictly follows laws and regulations about compulsory education whereby school-age children should be enrolled in nearby schools without the need to sit exams. It also promotes the school district system and the nine-year compulsory system, under which an elementary school pupil will automatically move on to study in the junior high school in the same school district irrespective of his grades in the elementary school. In 2015, the State Council promulgated the "Notice on Further Improving the Mechanism Guaranteeing Funds for Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas." With this notice, China established a mechanism for the first time that applies common funding standards to both urban and rural areas, with the focus on the latter. The mechanism benefits 140 million students, including more than 13 million children of rural migrant workers, more than 30 million boarding students, about 12 million private school students, and about 5 million small-scale school students and students receiving special education. From the fall semester of 2011, the government started to carry out a nutrition improvement program for rural students receiving compulsory education. The program benefits over 30 million students every year. Efforts have been made to increase the number of rural student enrollments in key universities. Since 2012, the government has implemented special national programs on targeted enrollment in rural and poor areas. In 2015, 75,000 students were enrolled, an increase of 10.5 percent over 2014.
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