——人民健康权保障水平大幅提高。婴儿死亡率从新中国成立之初的200‰下降到2015年的8.1‰，孕产妇死亡率从1500/10万下降到20.1/10万。1978年至2015年，国家卫生总费用从110.21亿元增长到40974.64亿元，其中政府卫生支出从35.44亿元增长到12475.28亿元；人均卫生费用从11.5元增长到2980.8元；医疗卫生机构从169732个增长到983528个；卫生人员总数从788.3万人增长到1069.39万人。2015年，社区医疗卫生服务机构数达到36.1万个，覆盖率为52.9%。提供住宿的社会服务机构床位从1991年的82.8万张增长到2015年的732.9万张，其中养老服务床位从78.3万张增长到672.7万张，儿童床位从0.7万张增长到10万张。1988年至2015年，通过实施国家重点康复工程，累计为2797.8万各类残疾人提供康复服务。截至2015年年底，残疾人康复机构达7111个，专业人员达19.2万人；为智力、精神和重度残疾人提供服务的各级各类托养机构达到6352个，比2010年增加了2323个。2016年10月，中国发布《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》，提出“全民健身生活化”。
——覆盖全社会的保障体系基本建成。中国在全国范围内建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，制定了劳动者特别是进城务工人员参加城镇职工和城乡居民基本养老保险的制度衔接政策，2015年全国参加基本养老保险人数为8.58亿人，城乡居民实际领取养老待遇人数为1.48亿人。中国建立了覆盖全体国民的医疗保障体系，截至2015年年底，包括城镇职工基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗保险和城镇居民基本医疗保险在内的基本医疗保险参保人数达13.36亿人，参保率保持在95%以上，职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗政策范围内住院医疗费用报销比例分别达80%以上、70%以上和75%左右，基金最高支付限额分别提高到当地职工年平均工资和当地居民年人均可支配收入的6倍。1994年至2015年，失业保险参保人数从7967.8万人增长到17609.2万人，2015年保险基金收入达1364.63亿元，基金支出736.45亿元，每人每月平均领取失业保险金增加到968.4元；工伤预防、补偿、康复“三位一体”的工伤保险制度初步形成，参保人数从1822万人增长到21432万人；生育保险参保人数从916万人增加到17771万人。
Protection of the right to health has significantly increased. The infant mortality rate has dropped from 20 percent in 1949, when the PRC was founded, to 0.81 percent in 2015, and the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 1,500 per 100,000 to 20.1 per 100,000. From 1978 to 2015, total national expenditure on health increased from RMB11.02 billion to RMB4.10 trillion, of which government expenditure on health increased from RMB3.54 billion to RMB1.25 trillion. Per capita health expenditure increased from RMB11.5 to RMB2,980.8, the number of medical and health institutions grew from 169,732 to 983,528, and the total number of health workers increased from 7,883,000 to 10,693,900. In 2015, the number of community medical and health service centers reached 361,000, with the coverage of 52.9 percent. The number of beds in social service institutions with accommodation increased from 828,000 in 1991 to 7,329,000 in 2015, of which beds for the elderly increased from 783,000 to 6,727,000, and those for children increased from 7,000 to 100,000. From 1988 to 2015 the government carried out a key state rehabilitation campaign, offering rehabilitation services for 27.98 million people with disabilities. By the end of 2015 there were 7,111 rehabilitation institutions for disabled persons, which employed 192,000 professionals, and 6,352 nursing agencies offering services to persons with learning, mental and physical disabilities, 2,323 more than the figure in 2010. In October 2016 China published the "Outline of Healthy China 2030" program, advocating that all people make fitness activities part of their life.
A security system covering the whole of society has taken shape. China has established a unified basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents throughout the country, and formulated policies to allow workers, and especially rural migrant workers, to participate in basic pension insurance for urban workers and for urban and rural residents. In 2015, 858 million people were covered by the basic pension insurance scheme, and 148 million urban and rural residents were receiving pensions. By the end of 2015 China had established a medical insurance system covering all citizens. The basic medical insurance for urban workers, basic medical insurance for urban residents, and the new rural cooperative medical insurance cover a total of 1,336 million people, keeping the insured rate above 95 percent. The reimbursement rate of hospitalization expenses for workers within the scope of the basic medical insurance exceeded 80 percent, with an increased maximum payment of six times the average annual salary of local workers, and the rate for urban residents within the coverage of the basic medical insurance was around 70 percent, an increase to six times the per capita disposable income of local residents. The reimbursement rates of hospitalization expenses for rural residents within the scope of the new rural cooperative insurance was above 75 percent. From 1994 to 2015, the number of people covered by unemployment insurance increased from 79.68 million to 176.09 million. In 2015, the revenues of the unemployment insurance fund reached RMB136.46 billion, and the expenditure was RMB73.65 billion, and the average monthly payment to the unemployed was increased to RMB968.4. The framework of a work-related injury insurance system involving work injury prevention, compensation, and rehabilitation has been established, which has seen the number of insured growing from 18.22 million in 1994 to 214.32 million in 2015. The number of women covered by the maternity insurance program increased from 9.16 million to 177.71 million.
上一篇：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》白皮书（中英对照）VI
下一篇：《发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献》白皮书（中英对照）IV
微信公众号搜索“译员”关注我们，每天为您推送翻译理论和技巧，外语学习及翻译招聘信息。