形式与内容可以相互转化，也是黑格尔提出来的。他在《小逻辑》中说，“我们在这里看到了形式与内容的……相互转化”。这种转化的实质是形式和内容的结合关系的异化，这是符合客观世界的规律的：形式和内容的结合不存在“绝对关系”。（黑格尔《小逻辑》，第278页）

就翻译而论，形式的适度异化也是唯一可行的对策。我们似乎可以将这种适度异化厘订出若干参照规范。今试以例为证，阐释我们所谓的“形式适度异化的参照规范”。下面是《三国演义》第二十一回中一段著名的故事〈曹操煮酒论英雄〉以及英译。译者是Moss Roberts(UC Press,Berkeley,1991)：

曹操煮酒论英雄 关公赚城斩车胄

……操曰：“夫英雄者，胸怀大志，腹有良谋，有包藏宇宙之机，吞吐天地之志者也。”玄德曰：“谁能当之？”操以手指玄德，后自指，曰：“今天下英雄，惟使君与操耳！”玄德闻言，吃了一惊，手中所执匙箸，不觉落于地下。时正值天雨将至，雷声大作。玄德乃从容俯首拾箸曰：“一震之威，乃至于此。”操笑曰：“丈夫亦畏雷乎？”玄德曰：“圣人迅雷风烈必变，安得不畏?”将闻吉失箸缘故，轻轻掩饰过了。操遂不疑玄德。后有诗赞曰：“勉从虎穴暂趋身，说破英雄惊煞人。巧借闻雷来掩饰，随机应变信如神。”

以下是Roberts的英译，请注意表现形式方面的运筹：

Cao Cao Warms Wine and Rates the Heroes of the Realm; Lord Gruan Takes Xuzhou by Stratagem and Beheads Che Zhou

.…. “Now," Cao Cao went on, "what defines a hero is this: a determination to conquer, a mind of marvelous schemes, an ability to encompass the realm, and the will to make it his." "Who merits such a description?" Xuande asked. Cao pointed first to Xuande, then to himself. “The

heroes of the present day,” he said, "number but two-you, my lord, and myself." Xuande gulped in panic. Before he realized it, his chopsticks had slipped to the ground. Then the storm came on. A peal of thunder gave him the chance to bend down casually and retrieve them. "See what a clap of thunder has made me do?" he remarked. "A great man afraid of thunder?" Cao asked. "Confucius himself became agitated in thunderstorms," Xuande reminded him. "How could I not fear them?" In this way he succeeded in glossing over the cause of his anxiety. Later a poet left these lines in admiration:

Xuande sheltered in the tiger's lair:

Cao betrayed two names that made him quake.

He seizes on the thunder as the cause -

A perfect ploy negotiates the pause.

译文在形式上既有别于原文（汉语的）形式特征，又有别于译语（英语的）形式特征：这是一种相互的、朝对方“靠拢”的转化（即所谓“中性化”），当然主要是译语向原语靠拢。例如英语的诗歌是无所谓对仗(antithesis)的。译者显然尽力有意模仿汉语：正文前标题两行句子结构都是SVO and（S）VO；语段中的一对一答也都扣得很紧。但在语词用法、句法结构、应对关联形式上都完全是英语式的。这就是我们所谓以“动态模仿”（dynamic mimesis）实现适度异化：其参照规范是一、在不失原意的前提下实现形式对应；二、在不失译语句法结构和语段发展的自然逻辑的前提下进行形式模仿；三、以“体用关系”来说明则是以原语意义与意向，即内容为“体”，以译语的结构手段为“用”；原语“体”具于内，译语“用”见于外；体用并举，二者均备又互为表里。

责任编辑：admin