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高尔基说:“文学的基本材料,是语言文字——给一切印象、感情、思想等以形态的语言文字。文学是借助语言文字来雕塑描写的艺术。”既然如此,文学翻译是语言艺术的再创造。文学作品的语言美,就在于能把生活的丰富性、多样性展示在读者面前。可以设想,一个从事文学翻译的译者,若不能掌握准确、精练的语言,那么,即使是一部文采斐然的佳作,也会黯然失色。因此,文学翻译者必须具备相当的语文修养,否则就是对原作的亵渎。
1. 朴素自然
所谓朴素,就是把原文译得朴实平易,不故作艰深或故弄玄虚。一部优秀的文学作品,往往像生活本身一样质朴自然,但比生活更集中,更美。作为一个译者,就不应该特别去追求那些华丽的辞藻和冷僻难懂的词语,而应该从朴素的日常生活语言中去寻找最能表达原文生活的一部分。
(1)然后等我有写信的心情时,我就一气呵成。
Then, being well in the letter-writing mood, I clean up the entire batch.
(2)他的眼睛闪着逼人的光,嘴唇绷得紧紧的。
There was a fierce glow in his flashing eyes and his lips were tightly drawn.
(3)他的话都不多,但说的话却蛮有道理。他挺幽默,但并不咋呼。看来,他在俱乐部里
挺受欢迎。后来,在他走以后,人家都说他是个顶呱呱的人。
He did not talk very much,…but what he said was sensible. He had a quiet, dry humor. He
seemed to be popular at the club and afterwards, when he had gone, they described him as one of
the best.
2. 流畅晓白
流畅晓白的译品往往语义贯通,脉理清晰,层次清楚,前后衔接得天衣无缝。而低劣的译品,读来疙疙瘩瘩,领会起来如隔雾赏花,使人厌倦,也达不到再现原作的目的。由于两种语言语法结构和表达习惯大相径庭,译者应善于摆脱原文的约束,运用多种翻译手法,这样才能使译文畅达。例如:
(4)天空最高处作玉兰色,有几朵白云飞驰;白云的边缘色如乳糜,叫人微微炫目。
The depths of the sky are a jade blue flecked with scudding clouds, white clouds whose chyletinted edges almost dazzle the cye.
(5)没有在我之上的人了,没有和我同等的人了,我甚至会感到单调,寂寞和孤独。
There was no one else above me and no one else claimed to be my equal. I was so isolated that I was bored and lonely.
(6)他祖父质朴大方,慷慨而心胸开阔的人也往往是这样。
His grandfather was a simple-mannered man, as the large-hearted and large-minded men are apt to be.
3. 生动形象
所谓生动形象就是有生气,有一股感人的力量。描写画面,能产生立体感,使人如亲临其境;塑造人物形象逼真,使人如闻其声,如见其人。例如:
(7)它在院里跳,有时飞一下,不过是由地上飞到花盆沿上,或由花盆上飞下来。
It hops and flutters, up to the edge of a plant pot or back to the ground again.
(8)车站背后躺着一条河流,水光雪亮,没入铅色的田地里。(叶圣陶《倪焕之》)
Behind the station lay a river, its surface glittering with a snowy brilliance, winding away to become lost among the leaden fields.
(9)俗话说:“到什么山上唱什么歌。”又说:“看菜吃饭,量体裁衣。”
As the saying goes, Sing different songs on different mountains" and Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to dishes".
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