根据中央人民政府颁布的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》相关规定，1952年8月22日，新疆省召开了第一届第二次各族各界人民代表大会，并于9月10日通过了《关于执行〈中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要〉的决议》，成立了新疆省民族区域自治筹备委员会。1953年12月22日，中央人民政府政务院批复同意《新疆省民族区域自治实施办法》，新疆自治地方筹建准备工作有序展开。截至1954年，经中央政府批准，新疆完成了州以下自治地方的筹建工作，成立了5个自治州，即：巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、昌吉回族自治州和伊犁哈萨克自治州；6个自治县，即：焉耆回族自治县、察布查尔锡伯自治县、木垒哈萨克自治县、和布克赛尔蒙古自治县、塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县和巴里坤哈萨克自治县。

　　各自治地方的建立为新疆维吾尔自治区的成立奠定了基础。中共中央新疆分局依照《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》，积极慎重地推进成立新疆维吾尔自治区的筹备工作。1955年9月13日，第一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议通过了成立新疆维吾尔自治区、撤消新疆省建制的决议，并以原新疆省的行政区域为新疆维吾尔自治区的行政区域。

On August 22, 1952, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Program of the People's Republic of China for Implementing Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the second session of the first people's congress of all ethnic groups and walks of life was held in Xinjiang Province, passing the Resolution on Executing the Program of the People's Republic of China for Implementing Ethnic Regional Autonomy and forming a preparatory committee for exercising ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang Province on September 10.

In its official written reply on December 22, 1953, the Government Administrative Council of the Central People's Government approved the Measures for Exercising Ethnic Regional Autonomy in Xinjiang Province, initiating the preparatory work for establishing autonomous areas in Xinjiang in an orderly fashion. By 1954, with the approval of the central government, Xinjiang had completed the preparations for the establishment of autonomous areas at or below the prefecture level, establishing five autonomous prefectures, i.e., Bayingolin Mongolian, Bortala Mongolian, Kizilsu Kirgiz, Changji Hui and Ili Kazak, six autonomous counties, i.e., Yanqi Hui, Qapqal Xibe, Mori Kazak, Hoboksar Mongolian, Tashkurghan Tajik and Barkol Kazak.

The establishment of these autonomous prefectures and counties laid the foundation for the establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In accordance with the Program of the People's Republic of China for Practicing Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the CPC Xinjiang Bureau made proactive and prudent preparations for establishing the autonomous region. The 21st meeting of the Standing Committee of the First National People's Congress passed on September 13, 1955 the resolution to establish the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to replace the former Xinjiang Province, with the former areas under the jurisdiction of the Xinjiang Province being put under the jurisdiction of the newly established autonomous region.