人民生活水平显著提升。1978年至2017年，中国国内生产总值从3679亿元增至827122亿元；人均国内生产总值从385元增至59660元，扣除价格因素，比1978年增长22.8倍，年均实际增长8.5%。中国人均国民总收入由1978年的200美元提高到2017年的8690美元，超过中等偏上收入国家平均水平。中国城镇和农村居民人均可支配收入分别由1978年的343元、134元增长至2017年的36396元和13432元。2017年，全国居民人均消费支出18322元，扣除价格因素，比1978年实际增长18倍，年均增长7.8%。消费层次由温饱型向全面小康型转变。1978年，城镇和农村居民家庭恩格尔系数分别为57.5%和67.7%，2017年分别下降至28.6%和31.2%。中国的人类发展指数大幅提高，从1980年的0.423提高到2017年的0.752，逐步从低人类发展水平国家跃升至高人类发展水平国家。在1990年处于低人类发展水平组别的47个国家中，中国是目前唯一跻身高人类发展水平组的国家。
Significant improvement in people’s lives. Between 1978 and 2017, China’s GDP increased from RMB367.9 billion to RMB82.7 trillion and per capita GDP from RMB385 to RMB59,660, a 22.8-fold increase, or a real growth of 8.5 percent per year adjusted for inflation. Per capita gross national income rose from US$200 in 1978 to US$8,690 in 2017, above the average level of upper middle-income countries. The per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents grew from RMB343 and RMB134 in 1978 to RMB36,396 and RMB13,432 respectively in 2017. In 2017, national per capita consumer spending was RMB18,322, an 18-fold increase over 1978 or a real growth of 7.8 percent per year adjusted for inflation. The country is moving from a society based on subsistence to one based on plenty. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural households in 1978 was 57.5 percent and 67.7 percent, which fell to 28.6 percent and 31.2 percent respectively in 2017. China’s human development index (HDI) value has risen significantly from 0.423 in 1980 to 0.752 in 2017, gradually moving into ranks of countries with higher HDI. Among the 47 bottom-ranked countries measured in 1990, China is the only one to have risen into the ranks of the “high human development” countries.
人身人格权保障不断加强。宪法确认了公民人格权。中共十九大再次强调保护人民人身权、财产权、人格权，彰显了保护人格尊严、促进人的全面发展的人文关怀。民法通则和侵权责任法进一步建立了人格权保护体系。民法总则专设“民事权利”一章，其中对人格权作了专门规定。2018年8月，提请审议的民法典各分编草案中，设立了独立的人格权编。废止收容遣送制度和劳动教养制度。大力推进户籍制度改革。2014年，国务院印发关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见，进一步放宽了户口迁徙政策限制，促进有能力在城镇稳定就业的常住人口有序实现市民化。2017年，全国户籍人口城镇化率达到42.35%，比2012年提高7个百分点。中共十八大以来，共为1400余万无户口人员办理了落户，全国无户口人员登记户口问题已经基本解决。严格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。2017年，公安机关开展专项行动，集中办理了一批涉嫌侵犯公民个人信息的案事件，泄露公民个人信息案事件得到有效遏制。
Increased protection of personal rights and right to dignity. The Constitution confirms citizens’ right to dignity. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting dignity and promoting the all-round development of the human being. General Principles of the Civil Law and Tort Liability Law further establish the system of protection for right to dignity. “Civil rights” as one chapter is included in General Provisions of the Civil Law to elaborate right to dignity. In August 2018, right to dignity as an individual book was contained in the draft Civil Code.
China has abolished the detention and repatriation system and the reeducation through labor system. It is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. In 2014, Decisions on Furthering the Household Registration Reform released by the State Council relaxed the restriction on the transfer of household registration (hukou), enabling eligible regular residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. In 2017, the urbanization rate of registered population stood at 42.35 percent, up 7 percentage points over 2012. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, more than 14 million people without hukou have completed household registration, basically bringing the entire population into the hukou system.
Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and information security are fully protected by law. In 2017, the public security agencies launched special programs to handle cases involving invasion of personal information to effectively curb personal information leakage.
财产权受到法律保护。中国宪法规定，公民的合法的私有财产不受侵犯，国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产权和继承权；国家保护个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济的合法的权利和利益。物权法规定，国家、集体、私人的物权和其他权利人的物权受法律保护，任何单位和个人不得侵犯。改革开放以来实施的家庭联产承包责任制是现行中国农村土地制度的基石，农民依法享有土地承包经营权。2014年以来，中国扎实推进农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作，截至2018年6月，31个省（区、市）均开展了承包地确权工作，承包地确权面积达13.91亿亩，建立完善土地承包合同1.89亿份，颁发土地承包经营权证书1.35亿份。中共十九大明确提出，保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变，第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年。
Legal protection of property. The Constitution stipulates that the private property of citizens is inviolable. The state protects citizens’ property rights and right of inheritance by law, as well as the legitimate rights and interests of non-public commercial sectors such as the individual economy and private enterprise. The Property Law specifies that the property rights of the state, collectives, individuals and other legal persons are under the protection of law and shall not be infringed by any unit or individual.
The household contract responsibility system that entitles farmers to manage contracted public-owned land, implemented following reform and opening up, is the cornerstone of China’s current rural land system. Since 2014, China has made solid efforts to confirm and register the management rights of contracted land, and to issue titles to land in rural areas. By June 2018, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had finished this work, with the total area of contracted land reaching 1.39 billion mu. A total of 189 million land contracts had been signed and improved, and 135 million titles had been issued. The 19th CPC National Congress stated that the land contract relationship should sustain for the foreseeable future, and should be extended for a further 30 years after the second round of contracts expires.
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