生命健康权保障水平大幅提升。改革开放特别是中共十八大以来，健康中国建设加快推进，为人民提供全生命周期的卫生与健康服务。中国人均预期寿命从1981年的67.8岁提高到2017年的76.7岁，高于72岁的世界平均预期寿命。孕产妇死亡率从1989年的十万分之94.7下降到2017年的十万分之19.6，婴儿死亡率从1991年的50.2‰下降到2017年的6.8‰，提前达到联合国千年发展目标所确定的指标要求。覆盖城乡的基层医疗卫生服务体系基本建成。2017年全国共有医疗卫生机构98.7万个，比1978年增长4.8倍；卫生技术人员898万人，比1978年增长2.6倍。国家基本公共卫生服务项目持续推进，适龄儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种率达90%以上，5岁以下儿童乙肝病毒表面抗原携带率降至1%。建成全球最大的法定传染病疫情和突发公共卫生事件网络直报系统，平均报告时间缩短到4小时。全民健身运动蓬勃发展，全国体育场地总数超过170万个，人均体育场地面积超过1.6平方米。
Better protection of the rights to life and health. Since reform and opening up, and especially since the 18th CPC National Congress, the country has increased public access to health services throughout the life cycle, to quicken its pace toward a healthy China. Life expectancy in China rose from 67.8 in 1981 to 76.7 in 2017, higher than the world average of 72. The maternal mortality rate decreased from 94.7 per 100,000 in 1989 to 19.6 per 100,000 in 2017, and the infant mortality rate dropped from 50.2 per 1,000 in 1991 to 6.8 per 1,000 in 2017, both meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule.
A community-level health service system covering urban and rural areas is in place. The number of health service institutions increased to 987,000 in 2017, up by 480 percent from 1978, with health professionals growing by 260 percent to 8.98 million in 2017. Basic public health services have improved, with national vaccination coverage among children topping 90 percent, and the prevalence of HBsAg in children under five decreasing to 1 percent. China has set up the world’s largest online direct reporting system of notifiable epidemics and public health emergencies, and the average reporting time has been shortened to four hours. The national fitness program has thrived, with more than 1.7 million sports venues across the country.
社会救助力度不断加大。经过多年发展，中国的社会救助形成了以最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、灾害救助、医疗救助、住房救助、教育救助、就业救助以及临时救助为主体，以社会力量参与为补充的制度体系。在全国范围内建立最低生活保障制度，颁布《城市居民最低生活保障条例》《社会救助暂行办法》等。国务院出台关于进一步健全特困人员救助供养制度的意见，将城市“三无”人员救助和农村“五保”供养统一为特困人员救助供养，保障城乡特困人员基本生活。截至2017年，全国共有37494个乡镇（街道）设立经办社会救助事务的机构，从事社会救助的专（兼）职工作人员为104673名，平均每个乡镇（街道）2.6人。截至2018年9月，全国共有城乡低保对象4619.9万人，其中，城市低保对象1068.8万人，平均城市低保标准为每人每月575元，农村低保对象3551.1万人，平均农村低保标准为每人每年4754元，所有县（市、区）的农村低保标准全部达到或超过国家扶贫标准。2017年，全国共实施医疗救助9138.1万人次，其中，直接救助3517.1万人次，资助困难群众参加基本医疗保险5621万人。2018年1月至9月，全国共实施临时救助565.8万人次，平均救助水平1069.4元/人次。
Expanded social assistance. Through years of effort, China has formed a social assistance system with subsistence allowances, assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty, disaster relief, medical assistance, housing assistance, education assistance, employment assistance, and temporary assistance as the main forms, supplemented by public participation. A subsistence security system has been set up nationwide. Regulations on Subsistence Security for Urban Residents and Interim Measures for Social Assistance have been enacted. Decisions on Improving the Assistance and Support System for People in Extreme Difficulty provide assistance to two groups of people – urban residents without income, the ability to work, or support by family, and rural people eligible for the “Five Guarantees”: those who are unable to work and have no source of income, including the elderly, the disabled and minors who have no legal guardians to support them.
By the end of 2017, 37,494 towns, townships and neighborhoods had set up social assistance agencies, staffed by 104,673 full-time and part-time personnel – an average of 2.6 per unit. As of September 2018 there were 46,199,000 people living on subsistence allowances, consisting of 10,688,000 urban residents receiving an average of RMB575 per month, and 35,511,000 rural residents receiving an average of RMB4,754 per annum. All rural subsistence allowance standards at the county level meet or exceed the national poverty line.
In 2017 medical assistance was granted to 91,381,000 applications, in the form of direct payment for medical service for 35,171,000 people, and as subsidies for 56,210,000 poor people when joining the basic medical insurance. Between January and September 2018 temporary assistance was given to 5,658,000 applications, averaging RMB1,069.4 per application.
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