环境权利保障日益加强。改革开放40年来，中国将生态文明建设纳入国家发展总体战略，对生态环境的治理力度不断加大，生态环境状况总体持续好转，人民群众的环保权益得到有效维护。1979年，通过第一部环境保护法。1982年，首次将环境保护作为独立篇章纳入国民经济和社会发展计划。1983年，将保护环境确定为基本国策。1994年，通过《中国21世纪议程》，成为世界上第一个制定实施本国可持续发展战略的国家。中国坚持绿色发展理念，以前所未有的力度治理环境污染，推进生态文明建设，美丽中国建设迈出重要步伐。中共十九大明确提出打好污染防治攻坚战的重大战略部署，全国生态环境保护大会正式确立习近平生态文明思想，中共中央、国务院印发关于全面加强生态环境保护坚决打好污染防治攻坚战的意见，明确了打好污染防治攻坚战的时间表、路线图、任务书。2017年，煤炭在中国能源消费中的比重为60.4%，比1978年下降10.3个百分点；天然气、水、核、风、电等清洁能源消费比重从1978年的6.6%提升至2017年的20.8%。2017年，全国338个地级及以上城市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）平均浓度比2013年下降22.7%，74个重点城市细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度比2013年下降34.7%。2017年，全国完成造林面积736万公顷，森林覆盖率达21.66%；建成2750处自然保护区，总面积147万平方公里，约占陆地国土面积的14.86%。中国积极参与全球环境治理，已批准加入30多项与生态环境有关的多边公约或议定书，率先发布《中国落实2030年可持续发展议程国别方案》，向联合国交存气候变化《巴黎协定》批准文书，成为全球生态文明建设的重要参与者、贡献者、引领者。
Stronger protection of environmental rights. Over the past four decades China has incorporated ecological progress into the national development strategy and intensified its efforts in environmental governance, creating a better environment and effectively safeguarding people’s environmental rights. China’s first Environmental Protection Law was adopted in 1979. Environmental protection was first included as a salient part of the plan for national economic and social development in 1982, and was designated as a basic state policy in 1983. China’s Agenda 21 passed in 1994 made China the first country in the world to formulate and implement a strategy of sustainable development.
Committed to green development, China puts an enormous effort into pollution control and takes concrete steps to promote ecological progress toward a beautiful China. The 19th CPC National Congress sounded a clarion call to win the battle against pollution. The National Conference on Environmental Protection established Xi Jinping thought on ecological progress. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Decisions on Comprehensively Strengthening Environmental Protection and Resolutely Winning the Battle Against Pollution, setting out the timetable, road map and agenda for pollution prevention and control. In 2017 coal accounted for 60.4 percent of China’s total energy consumption, down by 10.3 percentage points from 1978. The proportion of clean energy sources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and electricity, has increased from 6.6 percent in 1978 to 20.8 percent in 2017. Between 2013 and 2017, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level nationwide fell by 22.7 percent, and the average PM2.5 intensity in 74 major cities fell by 34.7 percent. In 2017, trees were planted on 7.36 million hectares across the country and forest coverage was 21.66 percent; the number of nature reserves totaled 2,750, covering 1.47 million sq km or 14.86 percent of China’s land territory.
China has played an active role in global environmental governance, and ratified more than 30 multilateral conventions and protocols related to environmental protection. China was the first country to release a national plan on implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to deposit its instrument of ratification for the Paris Agreement, becoming an important participant, contributor and leader in promoting global ecological progress.
三、有效实现各项人权全面发展
改革开放40年来，中国坚持将促进人的全面发展作为人权事业发展的出发点和落脚点，协调推进各项人权全面实现，经济、社会和文化权利保障水平持续提升，公民权利和政治权利保障机制不断加强。
III. Fully Developing Human Rights in All Respects
Over the past four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, China has taken all-round development of the human being as the intent and goal of human rights. It has made comprehensive progress in all human rights, ensured economic, social and cultural rights, and enhanced the mechanisms guaranteeing civil and political rights.
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