国家尊重和保障人权成为中国宪法的重要原则。宪法是国家的根本大法，是人权保障的宣言书。中国宪法以其最高的法律地位，有力保障了人民当家作主，推动了中国人权事业发展。1954年，新中国制定了第一部宪法。1982年宪法在“总纲”和“公民的基本权利和义务”中全面系统规定了全体人民享有广泛的人身人格权利，财产权利，政治权利和经济、社会、文化权利。随后国家又根据改革开放的形势和要求对宪法进行了5次修改，人权在宪法中的地位不断加强。2004年，宪法确立了“国家尊重和保障人权”原则，进一步明确了公民在经济、政治、文化、社会诸方面全面发展的权利，开创了以宪法原则指引人权事业发展的新格局。2018年通过的宪法修正案坚持人民主体地位，进一步为新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义人权事业、实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供了有力保障。
That the state respects and protects human rights has been established as an important principle of the Constitution of the PRC. The Constitution is the fundamental law of a country, making it a declaration of human rights protection. As the supreme law, the Constitution of China effectively ensures that the people are masters of the country, and has promoted the cause of human rights in China. In 1954, the first Constitution of the PRC was created. The Constitution of 1982 stipulated clearly in the “General Principle” and “The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens” that all people enjoy a wide range of rights, including personal rights, right to dignity, property rights, political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights.
Since then the state has revised the Constitution five times in accordance with the developments and requirements of reform and opening up, enhancing the status of human rights. In 2004, the Constitution established the principle that “the state respects and protects human rights”, and further clarified citizens’ rights in the economic, political, cultural and social fields. This launched a new stage where human rights develop under the guidance of constitutional principles. The amendment to the Constitution adopted in 2018 guarantees the principal position of the people, ensuring in the new era the development of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics, and the realization of the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.
尊重和保障人权成为中国共产党的执政主张。中国共产党根据改革开放实际，先后提出一系列人权主张，与时俱进地不断赋予中国人权发展新的内涵。1997年，中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会明确提出，“共产党执政就是领导和支持人民掌握管理国家的权力，实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理和民主监督，保证人民依法享有广泛的权利和自由，尊重和保障人权”。2002年，“尊重和保障人权”作为社会主义政治文明建设的重要目标再次写入中共十六大报告。2007年，中共十七大报告在总结过去五年“人权事业健康发展”的同时，进一步指出要“尊重和保障人权，依法保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利”。同年，“尊重和保障人权”首次写入《中国共产党章程》。
Respecting and protecting human rights is a pursuit in CPC governance. Based on the realities of reform and opening up, the CPC has proposed a series of ideas on human rights in China, constantly adding new elements to reflect the changes in our time. In 1997, the 15th CPC National Congress clearly stated: “As a ruling party, the Communist Party leads and supports the people in exercising the power of running the state, holding democratic elections, making policy decisions in a democratic manner, instituting democratic management and supervision, ensuring that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedom endowed by law, and respecting and guaranteeing human rights.” In 2002, “human rights are respected and guaranteed” was written into the report to the 16th CPC National Congress as an important goal of socialist political progress. In 2007, when summarizing “sound development of the cause of human rights” over the previous five years, the report to the 17th CPC National Congress further pointed out: “We must respect and safeguard human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law.” And in the same year, this principle was written for the first time into the CPC Constitution.
2012年，中共十八大将“人权得到切实尊重和保障”作为全面建成小康社会的重要目标，从战略层面确立了人权事业的重要地位。中共十八大修改通过的《中国共产党章程》再次重申尊重和保障人权。2014年，中共十八届四中全会通过《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》，从推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的高度，作出了全面依法治国的重大战略部署，强调“加强人权司法保障”“增强全社会尊重和保障人权意识”。2017年，中共十九大确立习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为党的指导思想，明确提出“加强人权法治保障，保证人民依法享有广泛权利和自由”。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想蕴含着丰富的人权内涵，对新时代中国人权事业发展提出了新的更高要求，为坚持中国特色人权发展道路、全面推进中国人权事业提供了根本遵循。
In 2012, the principle that “human rights should be fully respected and protected” was defined by the 18th CPC National Congress as an important goal in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, establishing the importance of human rights from a strategic perspective. The CPC Constitution amended and adopted at this congress reaffirms the principle of respecting and protecting human rights. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law”, making a major strategic plan to comprehensively advance the rule of law as part of its effort to modernize the state governance system and enhance its administrative capacity. The resolution emphasizes the need to “provide stronger judicial protection of human rights” and to “strengthen awareness throughout the whole of society about the need to respect and safeguard human rights”. In 2017, the CPC 19th National Congress established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guiding ideology of the CPC, and clearly stated that we should “strengthen legal protection for human rights to ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law”. Xi Jinping thought raises new and higher development requirements for China’s human rights in the new era, and provides fundamental principles for us to follow the path and advance the cause of human rights with Chinese characteristics.
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