中华民国(1912-1949年)继承了历史上形成的中央政府对西藏的主权，继续对西藏实施主权管辖。清朝最后一位皇帝在1912年的《清帝逊位诏书》中宣布“将统治权归诸全国，定为共和立宪国体”，“仍合满、汉、蒙、回、藏五族完全领土，为一大中华民国”。1912年制定的《中华民国临时约法》和1931年制定的《中华民国训政时期约法》，均明确规定西藏是中华民国领土。1929年，南京国民政府设立蒙藏委员会，行使对西藏的行政管辖。1940年，国民政府在拉萨设立蒙藏委员会驻藏办事处，作为中央政府在西藏地方的常设机构。十四世达赖和十世班禅的认定、坐床，均经当时的中华民国政府批准。虽然民国时期军阀混战，内乱频仍，国家孱弱，但中央政府仍在十分艰难的条件下维护了国家在西藏的主权。
中华人民共和国成立后，结束全国割据状态，在新的历史条件下实现国家统一成为历史发展的必然。和平解放西藏、人民解放军进驻西藏，是中国中央政府在中央政权更替后行使国家主权、维护国家统一、捍卫国家领土完整的正义之举。中央政府和原西藏地方政府签订的《十七条协议》，正是在尊重和确认西藏是中国一部分的历史事实的基础上产生的国内约法。和平解放后，西藏逐步走上社会主义道路，西藏各族人民与全国各族人民一道共同推动国家发展进步。
The Republic of China (1912-1949) continued the central government's sovereignty over Tibet and maintained its sovereignty and jurisdiction there. The last Qing emperor Puyi declared in 1912 in the Edict on Qing Emperor's Abdication, "I will return sovereignty to the whole nation and establish it as a constitutional republic," and "Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui and Tibetan ethnic groups will enjoy territorial integrity in this great Republic." The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China in 1912 and the General Outline of the Constitution for the Political Tutelage Period of the Republic of China in 1931 both stipulated that Tibet was a part of the territory of the Republic of China. In 1929, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing established a Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs to exercise administrative jurisdiction over Tibet. In 1940, the Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs opened an office in Lhasa as a permanent establishment of the central government in Tibet. The identification and enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama were both done with approval from the government of the Republic of China. In the years of the Republic of China, the central government did its utmost to safeguard the nation's sovereignty over Tibet though hamstrung by constant civil conflicts among warlords and the intrinsic weakness of the nation.
After the People's Republic of China was founded, it became its historic duty to bring an end to national separation and realize national unification under new historical conditions. The peaceful liberation of Tibet and the stationing of the People's Liberation Army in Tibet were two right steps taken by the central government of China in exercising national sovereignty and safeguarding national unification and territorial integrity after a wholesale regime change. The 17-Article Agreement signed in 1951 between the central government and the local government of Tibet was a domestic agreement reached on the basis of respecting and accepting the historical fact that Tibet is part of China. After its peaceful liberation, Tibet had gradually embarked on the socialist path, and the people of Tibet have worked with people of other ethnic groups around the country towards China's progress and development.
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