中国从国情出发，实行民族区域自治制度。西藏是中国的五个自治区之一。按照《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》，西藏自治区享有广泛的自治权利，包括立法权、对国家有关法律的变通执行权、使用民族语言文字的权利、人事管理权、财政管理权和自主发展文化教育权等。自1965年以来，西藏自治区人大及其常委会先后制定了290多部地方性法规和具有法规性质的决议、决定，对多项全国性法律制定了适合西藏特点的实施办法。在婚姻制度方面，西藏自治区分别于1981年和2004年制定变通条例，将《中华人民共和国婚姻法》规定的男女法定婚龄分别降低两岁，并规定对执行变通条例之前已经形成的一妻多夫和一夫多妻婚姻关系，凡不主动提出解除婚姻关系者，准予维持。在生育制度方面，根据《西藏自治区计划生育暂行管理办法(试行)》，西藏自治区对汉族干部、职工及家属实行“一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”的政策，而对藏族和纳西族、回族、壮族等民族干部、职工及户口在单位的家属城镇居民，一对夫妇可以有间隔地生育两个孩子，对农牧区的农牧民不限制生育数量，对门巴族、珞巴族以及夏尔巴人、僜人不提倡生育指标。西藏自治区在执行全国性法定假日的基础上，还将“藏历新年”、“雪顿节”等西藏传统节日列入法定节假日。
《中华人民共和国宪法》规定，国家帮助民族自治地方从当地民族中大量培养各级干部、各种专业人才和技术工人。《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》规定，自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长由实行民族区域自治的民族的公民担任；民族自治地方的自治机关所属工作部门的干部中，应当合理配备实行区域自治的民族和其他少数民族的人员。《中华人民共和国公务员法》规定，民族自治地方录取公务员时，要对少数民族考生予以适当照顾。目前，在西藏自治区干部队伍中，藏族和其他少数民族干部占70.95%，其中县乡两级领导班子中，藏族和其他少数民族占70.13%。西藏自治区历届人民代表大会常务委员会主任和人民政府主席由藏族公民担任。在全国高考录取和国家公务员考试中，藏族等少数民族都享受加分政策。
China's system of regional ethnic autonomy is based on the national conditions. Tibet is one of the five ethnic autonomous regions of China. According to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People's Republic of China, the Tibet Autonomous Region enjoys extensive autonomy in legislation, language, culture and education, and flexible application of relevant state laws as well as fiscal management and official appointments. Since their establishment in 1965, the regional people's congress and its standing committee have passed more than 290 local laws and regulations or resolutions and decisions of a legislative nature, and formulated measures for the flexible application of some state laws in Tibet in order to adapt them to local conditions.
Tibet created alternative regulations in 1981 and 2004, in which the legal age of marriage for both men and women was reduced by two years relative to the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, and polyandrous and polygynous relationships that had existed before the regulations took effect would be allowed to continue if no one involved proposed dissolution. Tibet also issued the Interim Measures for Family Planning in Tibet Autonomous Region (Trial). Han Chinese officials and workers and their families are authorized to have only one child per couple; as regards Tibetan, Naxi, Hui and Zhuang officials and workers, and their family members whose hukous (residency registration) are in relevant urban enterprises, are allowed to have two children per couple at reasonable intervals; farmers and herdsmen in farming and pastoral areas are not subject to any restrictions, likewise there are no restrictions on couples from the Monba, Lhoba, Sherpa and Deng ethnic groups.
In addition to the national holidays, Tibet has also established other public holidays, mostly traditional Tibetan festivals such as the Tibetan New Year and Shoton Festival.
According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the state has the responsibility to help the ethnic autonomous areas train large numbers of officials at various levels, and specialized personnel and skilled workers of various professions and trades from among the ethnic group or groups in those areas. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that the chairperson of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county is to be a member of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned; other government posts in the relevant area will be assigned to members of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy and to other ethnic minorities on a proportional basis. The Civil Servant Law of the People's Republic of China provides that, where there is any employment of civil servants in an autonomous area, applicants from ethnic minorities will be given appropriate preferential treatment. In the current contingent of local officials in Tibet, 70.95 percent are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities, and among county and township leaders the proportion is very similar. Since the Tibet Autonomous Region was set up, all the chairpersons of the standing committee of the regional people's congress and of the regional people's government have been elected from the Tibetan ethnic group. Tibetan and other ethnic minority candidates for the national college entrance and civil servant exams enjoy a preferential marking system.
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