中国古代正式将西藏地方纳入中央政府行政管辖之下，是在元朝(1271-1368年)。元朝设立释教总制院和宣政院，直接管理西藏地区军政、宗教事务，在西藏清查民户、设置驿站、征收赋税、驻扎军队、任命官员，并将元朝刑法、历法颁行西藏，充分行使有效管辖。明朝(1368-1644年)时，在西藏实施多封众建，给西藏各地宗教领袖封以“法王”、“灌顶国师”等名号。同时，西藏地方王位的继承必须经皇帝批准，遣使册封，新王方可继位。清朝(1644-1911年)时，中央政府先后册封藏传佛教格鲁派首领五世达赖和五世班禅，正式确立达赖喇嘛与班禅额尔德尼的封号和政治、宗教地位。此后，历世达赖、班禅均由中央政府册封，遂成定制。从1727年开始，清朝设驻藏大臣，代表中央监督、管理西藏地方行政，先后派遣驻藏大臣百余人。1751年，清朝废除世俗郡王掌政制度，正式任命七世达赖掌管西藏地方政府，实行政教合一，设立由四位噶伦组成的噶厦，听命于驻藏大臣和达赖喇嘛。1774年，当英国东印度公司派人到扎什伦布寺企图与西藏直接建立联系时，六世班禅答复说，西藏属于中国领土，一切要听从中国大皇帝的圣旨办事。1793年，清朝颁布《钦定藏内善后章程二十九条》，完善中央政府治理西藏地方的多项制度，明确规定达赖等大活佛转世须经金瓶掣签认定，并报请中央政府批准。此后，十、十一、十二世达赖和八、九、十一世班禅都经金瓶掣签认定。十三、十四世达赖和十世班禅都是报经中央政府批准免于金瓶掣签认定的。
It was during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) that China's central government formally incorporated Tibet into the central administration. The Yuan government set up the Supreme Control Commission of Buddhism and Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs to directly administer local military, political and religious affairs, conduct censuses in Tibet, set up courier stations, collect taxes, station troops and appoint officials; it also issued and enacted the Yuan criminal law and calendar in Tibet to fully exercise effective administration. The Ming government (1368-1644) implemented a policy of multiple enfeoffment, conferring "prince of Dharma," "national master in Tantrism" and other honorific titles upon religious leaders in various parts of Tibet. Succession to such titles required the approval of the emperor, who would send an envoy to confer the official title on each new prince.
During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the central government granted honorific titles to the leaders of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism - the 5th Dalai Lama and the 5th Panchen Lama - officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni and their political and religious status in Tibet. From then on, it became an established convention that the central government conferred the titles of Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni.
From 1727, the Qing government started to station grand ministers resident in Tibet to supervise and manage local administration on behalf of the central authorities; in total it appointed more than 100 such grand ministers resident in Tibet. In 1751, the Qing government abolished the system under which the secular princes held power, and formally appointed the 7th Dalai Lama to administer the local government of Tibet, thus establishing theocracy there, and it set up the Kashag (cabinet) composed of four Kalons (ministers) that took orders from the grand ministers resident in Tibet and the Dalai Lama. In 1774, when the British East India Company sent a representative to Tashilhunpo in an attempt to build a direct relationship with Tibet, the 6th Panchen replied that Tibet was part of China's territory and all its affairs were handled in accordance with imperial edicts from the Chinese emperor. In 1793, the Qing government promulgated the Imperially Approved Ordinance for Better Governance of Tibet (29-Article), improving several systems by which the central government administered Tibet. The Ordinance clearly stipulated that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama and other Living Buddhas had to follow the procedure of "drawing lots from the golden urn," and the selected candidate would be subject to approval by the central authorities of China. Observing the Ordinance, the 10th, 11th and 12th Dalai Lamas and the 8th, 9th and 11th Panchen Lamas were selected in this way, but 13th and 14th Dalai Lamas and the 10th Panchen Lama did not go through the procedure of "drawing lots from the golden urn" with approval from the central authorities.
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