——民族区域自治是少数民族实现政治权利的重要形式。中国成功创设了单一制国家结构下的民族区域自治制度，有效保障少数民族的各项民主权利。在55个少数民族中，有44个建立了自治地方，实行区域自治的少数民族人口占少数民族总人口的71%，民族自治地方的面积约占全国国土总面积的64%。截至2016年7月底，共制定和修改现行有效的自治条例和单行条例967件，进一步夯实了少数民族发展权实现的法律基础。全国5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县（旗）的行政首长全部由实行区域自治的少数民族公民担任。民族自治地方的各级党委、人大、政府、政协领导班子及其职能部门都配有一定数量的少数民族干部，少数民族干部比例普遍接近或超过少数民族人口占当地总人口的比例。截至2015年年底，少数民族公务员已达76.5万人，比1978年增长了近3倍。在全国公务员队伍中，少数民族占10.7%，其中县处级以上的少数民族公务员占同级公务员总数的8.3%。
——基层民主是基层民众维护和实现平等发展的有效途径。中国建立了以农村村民委员会、城市居民委员会为主要形式的基层群众自治制度。在农村地区，58.1万个村委会98%以上实行直接选举并制订村规民约和村民自治章程，村民平均参选率超过95%，6亿农民参加选举。在城市地区，全国已有社区居民委员会10万个，社区居委会干部51.2万名，志愿者540万名。通过直接选举、网格化管理平台、志愿服务、听证会、协调会、评议会、社区联络员、社区网络论坛、民情信息站等多种途径，大大拓宽了居民民主参与的空间，提高了居民的自治能力和水平，形成了中国特色的基层群众自治制度。在企事业单位，职工代表大会制度广泛推行。全国已建立工会的企事业单位单独建立厂务公开制度的有464.3万家。全国基层工会组织总数275.3万个，工会会员总数达2.8亿人，其中进城务工人员会员总数1.09亿人。截至2016年6月，全国在民政部门正式登记的社会组织共有67万个，其中社会团体32.9万个，基金会5028个，民办非企业单位33.6万个。这些社会组织的服务与影响范围涉及教育、科技、文化、卫生、体育、社区、环保、公益、慈善、农村经济等社会生活的各个领域。
Regional ethnic autonomy is an important channel for ethnic minorities to exercise their political rights. China has created the system of regional ethnic autonomy under the unitary system of government to effectively protect the democratic rights of ethnic minorities. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China, 44 have established ethnic autonomous areas. 71 percent of the ethnic minorities exercise regional autonomy, and the land area under ethnic autonomous areas accounts for 64 percent of the national territory. By the end of July 2016 ethnic autonomous areas had formulated and amended 967 autonomous regulations and separate regulations in effect, solidifying the legal foundation for ethnic minorities' exercise of their right to development.
Heads of governments of the five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties are citizens from ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy. Leaderships and functional departments of CPC committees, people's congresses, governments, CPPCC committees at all levels in ethnic autonomous areas contain ethnic minorities, whose proportions are generally close to or higher than the percentages of ethnic minorities in the local population. By the end of 2015 ethnic minority civil servants numbered 765,000 - nearly four times the figure in 1978 - and 10.7 percent of the total number of civil servants across the country. 8.3 percent of civil servants at or above county level were ethnic minorities.
Grassroots democracy is an effective way for people to safeguard and realize equal right to development. China has established a system of grassroots self-governance implemented by rural villagers' committees and urban neighborhood committees. Approximately 98 percent of the 581,000 villagers' committees across the country practice direct election and have formulated village regulations and rules for villagers' self-governance. The turnout rates of direct elections average 95 percent among 600 million eligible voters. The 100,000 urban neighborhood committees in China utilize the services of 512,000 staff and 5.4 million volunteers. Urban residents' participation in democracy has been remarkably broadened and their self-governance capabilities and levels have been improved, through multiple channels, including direct elections, gridded management platforms, volunteer services, hearings, coordination meetings, appraisal meetings, community liaison, communities' online forums, and community public concern stations, all contributing to China's system of grassroots self-governance. The workers' congress system has been widely applied in enterprises and public institutions. 4.64 million or 88.6 percent of enterprises and public institutions with trade unions have established separate systems for publicizing enterprise affairs. There are 2.75 million grassroots trade unions across the country, with 280 million members, including 109 million migrant workers from rural areas.
By June 2016, non-governmental organizations that had registered at offices of civil affairs numbered 670,000, including 329,000 mass organizations, 5,028 foundations, and 336,000 private non-profit units. These non-governmental organizations' services and influence extend to education, science and technology, culture, health, sports, communities, environmental protection, public welfare, charity, rural economy and other fields of public life.
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