2. Compounding of old words: put whole words together

a) fully affixed

  videoconference database   brainchild

b) half-affixed(with a hyphen between the component parts)

  high-tech,rear-view mirror

  far-red receiver

  non-stop train

c) non-affixed(written as two seperate words)

  water cannon, bubble car

  space shuttle

d) a special way of compounding :"verb+adverb"

  (1) the meaning of the compound is the same to that expressed by the verbal phrase.

  eg: pullout   cutback

  (2) ...is the result of the action

  eg: set-up    layout         pile-up 

  (3) ...is the doer

  eg: back-up

  (4) ...is the place 

  eg: pull-up   turnoff

  (5) the meaning can be guessed from the verbal phrase

  eg: countdown  blastoff   splashdown

 

3. Old words with new meanings

 a) some common words get additional meaning when used in a certain field of S&T

 pulse:electro-magnetic wave

b) some words used in a certain field are adopted in another field

 eg: operation

c) some words get additional meaning as a result of their being used as a metaphor

 dove and hawk   

 

4.Expanding the origianl meaning

 

5. Changing the origianl meaning

 

6. 外来词借入

 

　　现代社会的高度信息化,国际交往的日益频繁,使得外来词语不断进入英语语言,大大丰富了英语的词汇。如robot (捷) 机器人、silo (西班牙) 导弹发射井、sputnik (俄) 人造卫星、kamikaze (日) 遥控飞行器、glitch (德) 故障、jukebox (非洲语言) 投币式自动唱机等等。