1. Laryngeal sprays are difficult to use and have no direct therapeutic value; they are, however, comforting and medications such as glucose in glycerin or oil of pine may be used.

喉部喷雾难以使用，且无直接的治疗价值；可使用葡萄糖甘油或松木油等药物进行局部喷雾。

2. For primary staging, mediastinoscopy remains the gold standard for the superior mediastinal LNs. Invasive procedures can be omitted in patients with peripheral tumors and negative mediastinal and hilar nodes on PET scan。

初始阶段，纵隔镜检查仍可作为上纵隔淋巴结分期的金标准。周围性肺癌和纵隔、肺门淋巴结正常的病人可用pet扫᧿分期，从而避免侵入性检查。

3. Some children who are due for cardiac surgery may be recommended for tonsillectomy if the criteria of sepsis are found, because of the danger of subacute bacterial endocarditis.

有些需行心脏手术的儿童，如果存在脓毒性扁桃体炎，可建议其切除扁桃体，因其有产生亚急性细菌性心内膜炎的危险。

4. Post nalsaldrip syndrome means nasal secretions accumulates in the back of the nose which will lead to chronic cough, it is usually caused by chronic or allergic rhinitis. 

鼻后滴漏综征指鼻腔分泌蓄积于鼻后部，可致慢性咳嗽，多由慢性或过敏性鼻炎引起。

5. Pleural effusion means fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity with the symptoms include, breathlessness, cough, and having pain in the chest.

胸腔积液指大量液体蓄积在胸腔内，并伴有呼吸短促、咳嗽及胸疼等症状。

6. It is prescribed for the treatment of pleurodynia, intercostal neuralgia, cold, cough associated with bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, viral respiratory infection, and in pharyngeal and chest congestion.

它被用于治疗胸膜痛、肋间神经痛、感冒、与支气管炎相关的咳嗽、肺炎、肺结核、病毒性呼吸道感染以及咽部和胸部充血。

7. Tuberculosis is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can affect anywhere all over the body, but the most common organ is the lungs. Pulmonary tuberculosis is classified in primary tuberculosis and secondary tuberculosis.

结核是由结核杆菌感染所引起的慢性疾病，可在机体任何部位发生，但易感器官为肺脏。肺结核又分为原发性与继发性两种。

8. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, debilitating, fibrotic lung disease leading to respiratory failure and ultimately to death.

特发性肺纤维化（IPF）是一种慢性的、使人衰弱的、纤维化肺病，可致呼吸衰竭并最终导致死亡。

9. Inspiration will be arrested abruptly by pain (Murphy's sign), or the gallbladder fundus may be felt as it is brought down into contact with the examining fingers by descent of the diaphragm.

由于疼痛呼吸突然停止(莫非氏征)，或由于横膜带动胆囊下降，检查者手指可触及胆囊底部。

10. On the other hand, the hemoglobin in the blood functions as a very powerful "oxygen buffer" that helps to regulate the tissue oxygen concentration, so that exact control of respiration is not required for maintaining normal amounts of oxygen in the tissue cells.

另一方面，血液中的血红蛋白起很强的“氧缓冲”作用，它协助调节组织的氧浓度，因此维持正常组织细胞的含氧量并不需要严格控制呼吸。

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