一、新疆是中国领土不可分割的一部分

　　中国统一多民族国家的形成，是经济社会发展的历史必然。历史上，养育中华民族及其先民的东亚大陆，既有农耕区，也有游牧区等。各种生产生活方式族群的交流互补、迁徙汇聚、冲突融合，推动了中国统一多民族国家的形成和发展。

　　I. Xinjiang Has Long Been an Inseparable Part of Chinese Territory

　　A unified multiethnic country, China came into being as a result of economic and social development. Historically, the East Asia continent that nurtured the ancestors of today’s Chinese nation had both farming and nomadic herding areas. Different ethnic groups with diverse livelihoods and lifestyles communicated with and complemented each other, and migrated and lived together. They experienced both conflict and integration, and pushed China to move forward and become a unified multiethnic country.

　　中国历史上最早的几个王朝夏、商、周先后在中原地区兴起，与其周围的大小氏族、部落、部落联盟逐渐融合形成的族群统称为诸夏或华夏。经春秋至战国，华夏族群不断同王朝周边的氏族、部落、部落联盟交流融合，逐渐形成了齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦等7个地区，并分别联系着东夷、南蛮、西戎、北狄等周边诸族。公元前221年，秦始皇建立第一个统一的封建王朝。公元前202年，汉高祖刘邦再次建立统一的封建王朝。

　　Xia, Shang, and Zhou, the three earliest dynasties in Chinese history, emerged successively in the Central Plains, a vast area covering the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. They integrated with neighboring clans, tribes, and tribal alliances into bigger ethnic groups, called by the joint name Zhuxia or Huaxia. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, Huaxia groups continued to communicate and blend with neighboring clans, tribes, and tribal alliances, and gradually seven regions – Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin – came into being. These maintained contact with neighboring ethnic groups such as Yi in the east, Man in the south, Rong in the west, and Di in the north. In 221 BC, the First Emperor of Qin founded the first unified feudal dynasty. In 202 BC, Liu Bang, later known as Emperor Gaozu, set up another unified feudal dynasty – Han.

　　从汉代至清代中晚期，包括新疆天山南北在内的广大地区统称为西域。自汉代开始，新疆地区正式成为中国版图的一部分。汉朝以后，历代中原王朝时强时弱，和西域的关系有疏有密，中央政权对新疆地区的管治时紧时松，但任何一个王朝都把西域视为故土，行使着对该地区的管辖权。在中国统一多民族国家的历史演进中，新疆各族人民同全国人民一道共同开拓了中国的辽阔疆土，共同缔造了多元一体的中华民族大家庭。中国多民族大一统格局，是包括新疆各族人民在内的全体中华儿女共同奋斗造就的。

　　From the Han to the middle and late Qing, the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang were called the Western Regions. Xinjiang was formally included in Chinese territory in the Han Dynasty. Later dynasties in the Central Plains, some strong, some weak, kept closer or looser contact with the Western Regions, and the central authorities exercised tighter or slacker administration over Xinjiang. But all of these dynasties regarded the Western Regions as part of Chinese territory and exercised the right of jurisdiction over Xinjiang. Through the long formative process of turning China into a unified multiethnic country, many ethnic groups worked together to develop its vast territories and build the diverse Chinese nation. The unification of multiethnic China was a result of common efforts made by the whole Chinese nation, including the ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

　　西汉前期，中国北方游牧民族匈奴控制西域地区，并不断进犯中原地区。汉武帝即位后，采取一系列军事和政治措施反击匈奴。公元前138年、公元前119年，派遣张骞两次出使西域，联合月氏、乌孙等共同对付匈奴。公元前127年至公元前119年，3次出兵重创匈奴，并在内地通往西域的咽喉要道先后设立武威、张掖、酒泉、敦煌四郡。公元前101年，在轮台等地进行屯田，并设置地方官吏管理。公元前60年，控制东部天山北麓的匈奴日逐王降汉，西汉统一西域。同年，设西域都护府作为管理西域的军政机构。公元123年，东汉改西域都护府为西域长史府，继续行使管理西域的职权。

　　In the early Western Han Dynasty, the nomadic Xiongnu people in northern China controlled the Western Regions, and attacked the Central Plains from time to time. After Emperor Wudi took the throne, he adopted a series of military and political responses. In 138 BC and 119 BC, the Western Han government dispatched Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions, who convinced the Rouzhi and Wusun peoples to form an alliance to fight the Xiongnu. On three occasions between 127 BC and 119 BC, the Western Han authorities dispatched forces that inflicted heavy losses on the Xiongnu. They then set up four prefectures – Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang – on key passageways from the Central Plains to the Western Regions. In 101 BC, the Western Han began to send garrison troops to transform wastelands to arable land in Luntai and some other places, and appointed local officers to command them. In 60 BC, the Xiongnu king who ruled the areas north of the eastern Tianshan Mountains surrendered to the Han government, which thereby incorporated the Western Regions into Han’s territory. In the same year, the Western Regions Frontier Command was established to exercise military and political administration over the Western Regions. In 123, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Regions Frontier Command was replaced by the Western Regions Garrison Command, which continued to administer the Western Regions.