2015年，《中共中央国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》和《生态文明体制改革总体方案》发布，提出生态文明建设和生态文明体制改革的总体要求、目标愿景、重点任务和制度体系，明确了路线图和时间表。目前，中国已建立起覆盖全国的主体功能区制度和资源环境管理制度，中央环保督察实现了31个省区市全覆盖，对省以下环保机构监测监察执法实行垂直管理，并全面实行河长制、湖长制及控制污染物排放许可制。开展按流域设置环境监管和行政执法机构试点，增强流域环境监管和行政执法合力，实现流域环境保护统一规划、统一标准、统一环评、统一监测、统一执法。确立生态文明建设目标评价考核、领导干部自然资源资产离任审计等监督机制，形成环保职责明确、追究严格的责任制度链条，落实“党政同责”“一岗双责”。推动建立生态保护红线制度，制定自然资源统一确权登记、自然生态空间用途管制办法和全民所有自然资源资产有偿使用制度改革的指导意见，推进“多规合一”、国家公园体制等试点。健全生态保护补偿机制，设置跨地区环保机构生态环境损害赔偿制度改革试点。
Two documents were issued in 2015, and they were the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Accelerating Ecological Progress, and the General Plan for Reforming the System for Ecological Conservation, laying out the overall requirements, prospected goals, key tasks, and institutional arrangements to ensure ecological progress and reform the ecological sector, complete with a roadmap and timetable. To date, China has established a nationwide system of main functional areas and a resource-environment administration system. The central supervisory mechanism for environmental protection covers all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with the central environment watchdog directly overseeing the activities of environmental protection organs below provincial level, such as those commissioned for environmental monitoring, inspection, and law enforcement. It has also put in place a “river and lake chief” system – where selected local Party and government officials ensure their assigned rivers and lakes are free from pollution – and a licensing mechanism for controlling pollutant discharge. China has run pilot programs to carry out river basin-related environment monitoring and law enforcement, in order to strengthen supervision in different river basins and boost synergistic law enforcement, and to have unified planning, standards, assessment, monitoring, and law enforcement activities within the same basins. To assess the performance of officials in providing leadership to ecological conservation, China has set up an ecological goal appraisal system, and a supervisory system for auditing the natural resource assets when a relevant official leaves office. In this way, a clear-cut and rigorous liability mechanism has been put in place so that both Party and government officials take responsibility for environmental protection, and they both fulfill official duties and uphold clean governance. The state has set red lines for ecological conservation, and put in force unified registration of natural resource rights, measures for managing natural and ecological space, and guidelines on reforming paid use of natural resource assets owned by the whole people. Different regulations and measures have been integrated for simplification, and pilot programs on state parks have been rolled out. China has improved its ecological compensation mechanism, and run trials to reform the ecological damage compensation system coordinated between cross-regional environmental protection institutions.
与此同时，西藏、青海、四川、甘肃、云南等省区结合高原实际，制定了与生态文明建设相关的地方性法规和实施办法。西藏自治区制定了《关于着力构筑国家重要生态安全屏障 加快推进生态文明建设的实施意见》《关于建设美丽西藏的意见》《西藏自治区环境保护考核办法》等。青海省制定了《青海省生态文明制度建设总体方案》《青海省生态文明建设促进条例》《青海省创建全国生态文明先行区行动方案》等。四川省制定了《四川省自然保护区管理条例》等。甘肃省制定了《甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区管理条例》等。云南省制定了《迪庆州“两江”流域生态安全屏障保护与建设规划》《滇西北生物多样性保护行动计划》等。青藏高原诸省区生态文明制度体系基本形成。
自然保护地体系初步建立
Each taking into account their local geographical conditions, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan have formulated their own regulations and measures regarding ecological conservation. The Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Opinions on Building an Important National Barrier for Ecological Security and Accelerating Ecological Progress, Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet, and Measures of Tibet Autonomous Region on Environmental Conservation Appraisal. Qinghai Province released the General Plan of Qinghai Province on Developing a System for Ecological Progress, Regulations of Qinghai Province on Promoting Ecological Progress, and Action Plan of Qinghai Province on Pioneering an Ecological Model. Sichuan issued the Regulations of Sichuan Province on the Management of Nature Reserves; Gansu, the Regulations on the Management of Qilian Mountain State Nature Reserve; and Yunnan, the Plan on the Protection of the Two Rivers Ecological Barrier in Deqen Prefecture and Action Plan on the Protection of Biodiversity in Northwest Yunnan. Through these efforts a system has been established in all relevant provinces and autonomous regions to ensure ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
A system of protected natural areas has been set up.
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