环境权利保障日益加强。70年来，随着经济发展和工业化加速推进，中国将环境保护工作纳入各级政府的职能范围，及时确立了保护环境的基本国策，建立并不断完善生态环境保护体制机制和法律法规政策制度体系，提出走可持续发展道路，大力发展循环经济，不断加快清洁低碳化进程。特别是中共十八大以来，中国将生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局，坚持人与自然和谐共生，大力倡导绿色发展，加强生态环境治理，全面打响大气、水、土壤污染防治攻坚战，实施环保督察，“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念深入人心，生态环境质量持续改善。2018年，天然气、水电、核电、风电、太阳能发电等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量的比重为22.1%，比1978年提高15.5个百分点；全国338个地级及以上城市可吸入颗粒物（PM10）平均浓度比2013年下降26.8%，首批实施《环境空气质量标准》的74个城市细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度比2013年下降42%，二氧化硫平均浓度比2013年下降68%；全国地表水优良水质断面比例增至71%，劣Ⅴ类比例降至6.7%。全国生态保护红线初步划定，保护了约95%珍稀濒危物种及其栖息地，以及约45%全国植被固碳量。
Environmental rights are better protected. Over the past 70 years, with rapid economic growth and industrialization, China has determined environmental protection as a national policy and included it in the functions and work of government. It has set up and continued to improve the mechanisms, policies, and legal system required for environmental protection. It advocates sustainable development, promotes a circular economy, and accelerates the process of clean and low-carbon transformation. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has determined environmental progress as a point of the Five-point Strategy. China advocates green development and harmony between human and nature. It is intensifying environmental governance, addressing the thorniest problems in the fight against air, water and soil contamination, and carrying out strict supervision over environmental protection work. The idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets has ingrained into people’s minds. Through such efforts, China is rapidly improving the quality of its environment.
In 2018 clean energy resources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and solar energy, made up 22.1 percent of China’s total energy consumption, an increase of 15.5 percentage points over 1978. Between 2013 and 2018, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level fell by 26.8 percent, and the average PM2.5 and SO2 intensity in the 74 cities that took the lead in implementing the Ambient Air Quality Standards fell by 42 percent and 68 percent respectively. The proportion of excellent and good quality surface water increased to 71 percent while that of inferior Class V surface water dropped to 6.7 percent. An environmental protection zoning map has been drawn up that covers 95 percent of China’s rare and endangered species and their habitats and about 45 percent of carbon sequestration by vegetation.
五、重视保障特定群体权利
新中国成立70年来，中国结合国情采取有针对性的措施，切实保障少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人和残疾人的合法权益，使他们能以平等的地位和均等的机会充分参与社会生活，共享物质文明和精神文明成果。
V. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups
Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has, based on its conditions, adopted targeted measures to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities, ensuring their equal status and giving them the equal opportunity to participate in social life and enjoy the fruits of the country’s material and cultural progress.
有效保障少数民族参与国家事务管理的权利。55个少数民族均有本民族的全国人大代表和全国政协委员，十三届全国人大代表中，少数民族代表438名，占14.7%。近年来全国公务员考试录用少数民族考生的比例保持在13%以上，高于少数民族人口占全国人口8.49%的比例。各民族自治地方依法享有广泛的自治权，包括政治、经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生等各项事业的自主管理权。民族自治地方的人民代表大会除享有地方国家权力机关的权力外，还有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。155个民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中，均有实行区域自治民族的公民担任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州长、县长或旗长，均由实行区域自治民族的公民担任。
China effectively guarantees ethnic minority rights in administering state affairs. All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies at the NPC and members in the CPPCC National Committee. The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. In recent years, among the candidates passing the national civil service admission examination, ethnic minority candidates made up more than 13 percent, higher than the ethnic minority population ratio in the country (8.49 percent). The ethnic autonomous areas enjoy the right of autonomy in a wide range of fields as prescribed by law: politics, economy, education, science and technology, culture and health. In addition to the powers assigned to local authorities, the people’s congresses of ethnic autonomous areas also have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or ethnic groups in the areas concerned.
The standing committees of all the people’s congresses in the 155 ethnic autonomous areas have members of ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas.
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