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《为人民谋幸福:新中国人权事业发展70年》白皮书(全文)III
2019-10-15 09:25:44    译聚网    国新网    


  社会救助制度不断完善。新中国成立之初,各地经济停滞、民生凋敝,灾民、贫民、无依无靠的孤老残幼等城乡贫困人口众多。中国共产党和中国政府及时开展临时性、应急性救助,为贫困人口发放款物,妥善解决了历史遗留问题。此后,城市的就业单位和农村生产大队承担了主要的社会保障功能,国家和集体对五保户、孤残人员等特殊困难群体进行救济。改革开放后,中国进一步建立完善城乡救济制度,对特殊困难群体给予救济。经过多年发展,中国的社会救助形成了以最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、受灾人员救助、医疗救助、教育救助、住房救助、就业救助以及临时救助为主体,以社会力量参与为补充的制度体系。截至2019年3月,城市低保平均标准为每人每月590.6元,农村低保平均标准为每人每年4953.1元,所有涉农县市农村低保标准全部达到或超过国家扶贫标准;农村特困人员基本生活平均标准为每人每年6693元,城市特困人员基本生活平均标准为每人每年9096元。中共十八大以来,截至2019年8月15日,针对各种重特大自然灾害共启动国家救灾应急响应157次,累计下拨中央财政自然灾害生活补助资金602.65亿元。2013年至2018年,年均紧急转移安置900余万人次,救助受灾群众7000多万人次,恢复重建因灾倒损民房50余万间。2018年,共资助7673.9万困难群众参加基本医疗保险,实施住院和门诊救助5361万人次,救助生活无着的流浪乞讨人员155万人次。

  Improved social assistance. In the early 1950s, China was in a state of economic stagnation. The people were poor. There was a large number of victims of natural disasters or disability; many were old people or orphans who had no family to turn to. The CPC and the Chinese government carried out emergency assistance, giving money and supplies to the poor and cleaning the mess left by old China. Later, social security was mainly provided by employers in urban areas and production brigades in rural areas, and the state and collectives offered assistance to special groups including orphans, people with disabilities, and rural people eligible for the “Five Guarantees” (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses). Since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, China has further improved its assistance system in both urban and rural areas, and provided relief to groups with special difficulties. Through years of effort, China has formed a social assistance system supplemented by public participation, with subsistence allowances, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, temporary assistance, and assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty.

  As of March 2019, the average subsistence allowance for urban residents was RMB591 per month, and that for rural residents was RMB4,953 per annum. All rural subsistence allowance standards at county (city) level reached or exceeded the national poverty line. People living in extreme difficulty received RMB6,693 per person per annum in rural areas, and RMB9,096 per person per annum in urban areas. From the 18th CPC National Congress to August 15, 2019 China launched 157 national emergency responses in the wake of major natural disasters, issuing a total of RMB60.27 billion as living subsidies for disaster relief from central funds. Between 2013 and 2018, on a yearly basis the government temporarily relocated more than 9 million people affected by disasters, provided relief to more than 70 million people, and restored and rebuilt more than 500,000 damaged houses. In 2018, the government offered subsidies for 76.74 million poor people on subscribing to the basic medical insurance system, medical assistance to 53.61 million inpatients and outpatients, and assistance to 1.55 million homeless persons and beggars.

  邮电通信水平全面提升。新中国成立之初,邮路总长度仅为70.6万公里,长途明线仅为14.6万对公里。70年来,邮电通信业规模不断扩大,电信基础设施建设加快推进,信息化网络化高速发展,人民通信权利得到切实保障。截至2018年,全国邮政和快递营业网点达27.5万处,比1949年增长9.6倍;邮路和快递服务网路总长度达3945万公里,比1949年增长近55倍;全国互联网上网人数达8.29亿,互联网普及率达59.6%,网民通过手机接入互联网的比例高达98.6%。截至2019年6月,光缆线路总长度达4545万公里,光纤用户占比超90%,4G基站数达444.8万个,全球最大规模的固定宽带网络和4G网络基本建成;全国移动电话用户达15.86亿户,其中移动宽带用户(即3G和4G用户)总数达13.55亿户,4G用户规模为12.3亿户;固定宽带家庭普及率达91.8%,移动宽带用户普及率达97.1%;行政村通光纤比例、通4G比例均超过98%,位居全球先进行列。2019年6月6日,工业和信息化部发放了5G商用牌照,正式开启5G商用。

  Improved postal and telecommunications services. At the beginning of the PRC, China had only 706,000 km of postal routes, with 146,000 km of parallel, long-distance open-wire lines. Over the past 70 years, postal and telecommunications services have kept expanding, with quick progress in telecommunications infrastructure. IT applications and the internet have been developing rapidly, and people’s right to communication has been fully guaranteed.

  As of 2018, China had 275,000 postal and courier outlets, a 9.6-fold increase over 1949. The total length of postal routes ahd courier service networks reached 39.45 million km, about a 55-fold increase over 1949. Some 829 million people accessed the internet, 59.6 percent of citizens used the internet, and 98.6 percent went online via mobile phone. As of June 2019, the total length of fiber optic cable lines reached 45.45 million km, and 90 percent of internet users were fiber broadband subscribers. With 4.45 million 4G base stations, China has established the world’s largest fixed broadband network and 4G network. Of the 1,586 million mobile phone users (3G and 4G users), 1,230 million were 4G users. Fixed broadband networks connected 91.8 percent of all households, and 97.1 percent of the population was using mobile broadband services. More than 98 percent of administrative villages had access to fiber optic cables and 4G services, taking the lead in the world in this regard. On June 6, 2019, with the issuing of the 5G commercial license by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 5G services entered the market.

  四、切实保障人民各项权利

  新中国成立70年来,人民的经济、政治、社会、文化、环境权利保障水平不断提升,各项人权实现全面发展。

  IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

  Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has continued to improve its protection of the people’s economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental rights, and ensured the development of human rights in all respects.

  尊重和保障人身权利和人格尊严。人身权利和人格尊严是人权保障的基本内容。70年来,中国始终注重人身权利和人格权利的保障。宪法确认了公民人格权。中共十九大再次强调保护人民人身权、财产权、人格权,彰显了保护人格尊严、促进人的全面发展的人文关怀。民法对人格权作了专门规定。大力推进户籍制度改革,放宽户口迁徙政策限制,促进有能力在城镇稳定就业的常住人口有序实现市民化。严格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。

  Personal rights and dignity are well respected and protected. Personal rights and dignity are the basic components of human rights, so China has consistently attached great importance to protecting such rights over the past 70 years. The Constitution of the PRC states that the personal dignity of citizens of the PRC is inviolable. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting people’s personal dignity and promoting the well-rounded development of the individual person. The Civil Law in particular elaborates the right to dignity. China is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. It has relaxed restrictions on the change of domicile, enabling eligible permanent residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and security of information are fully protected by law.




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