妇女参与基层民主管理更加广泛。积极推动基层民主建设进程，适时制定修订中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例、居民委员会组织法、村民委员会组织法等法律法规，推动村规民约、居民公约修订完善，为妇女广泛参与基层民主管理提供了坚实的制度保障。20世纪80年代以来，村民自治制度的建立发展为农村妇女参与基层民主管理提供了重要保障和条件。2017年，村委会成员中女性比例为23.1%，比2000年提高7.4个百分点。妇女在居委会中的人数比例始终保持较高水平，2017年居委会成员中女性比例为49.7%，居委会主任中女性比例为39.9%。妇女参与企业民主管理比例稳步提升，2017年，工会女会员占比38.3%，企业职工董事和职工监事中女性比例分别为39.7%和41.6%。
Women's participation in the management of grassroots democracy has become more extensive. There is solid institutional guarantee for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy, given the proactive measures to drive forward the development of grassroots democracy, the formulation and amendment of laws and regulations regarding rural grassroots organizations of the CPC, organic law of the urban residents’ committees and organic law of the villagers’ committee, and the amendment and improvement of regulations for villagers and urban residents. Since 1980s, the establishment and development of villagers’ autonomy system has provided important protection and created conditions for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy. In 2017, female representation in village committees was 23.1%, up 7.4 percentage points from 2000. The proportion of women in urban residents' committees has remained high. In 2017, women made up 49.7% of neighborhood committees and female heads of neighborhood committees reached 39.9%. Female participation in democratic management in enterprises has gradually increased as well. In 2017, female workers represented 38.3% of the trade union members and female representatives made up 39.7% and 41.6% of boards of directors and regulatory committees, respectively.
妇女和妇女组织在民主政治建设中的作用越来越大。妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的途径更加多元，渠道更加畅通。人大女代表、政协女委员认真履职，为国家经济社会发展和妇女事业建言献策。各级党政机关女干部立足岗位，为贯彻落实男女平等基本国策、促进妇女发展恪尽职守。广大妇女民主参与意识不断提高，利用各类平台对国家和社会事务提出建议、表达诉求。妇联组织积极履行代表妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的职责，参与有关法律法规和政策的制定、参与协商民主、参与社会治理和公共服务。党的十八大以来，妇联改革使一大批有热心、有专长、有影响力的妇女骨干进入各级妇联特别是基层妇联工作队伍，乡、村两级妇联执委达到770多万，在基层治理中发挥了重要作用。
Women and women's organizations have been playing increasingly bigger roles in the development of the country's democracy and political construction. The channels for women to participate in the management of state and social issues have become more diversified and accessible. Women delegates to people's congresses and women members of the CPPCC have earnestly performed their duties by pooling wisdom for the national economic and social development and for the promotion of the women’s cause. Women officials in Party and government organs at all levels have carried out their duties with dedication, implementing basic state policy on gender equality and improving women's development. Women’s awareness of participating in democracy has also improved. Women are offering suggestions and appeals on state and social affairs through various platforms. Women's federations have actively participated in the management of state and social affairs, the formulation of laws, regulations and policies, and taken part in consultative democracy, social governance and public services on behalf of women. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the reform of women’s federation has drawn a number of passionate, professional and influential female elites to work for women’s federations at all levels, especially for grassroots bodies. Female executive members of women’s federations at township and village level have reached 7.7 million, playing a significant role in grassroots governance.
五、妇女受教育水平显著提升
中国通过制定实施法律法规赋予妇女同男子平等的受教育权利。在坚持优先发展教育、持续实施教育惠民政策、缩小城乡教育差距、积极推进教育公平的历史进程中，妇女受教育状况不断改善，受教育水平大幅提升。
V. Women’s Education Level Has Risen Significantly
China endows men and women with equal rights to education by formulating and implementing laws and regulations. By upholding the policy of prioritizing education and developing education for the benefit of people, narrowing the education gap between urban and rural areas, actively promoting fairness in education, women’s education status has been gradually improved, with their education level greatly lifted.
扫除妇女文盲成果斐然。新中国成立之初，妇女文盲率远远高于男性。1949年第一次全国教育工作会议提出，要在全国范围内进行识字教育、扫除文盲。1956年中国发布《关于扫除文盲的决定》，再次明确扫盲工作目标。20世纪50年代开展的三次扫盲运动，帮助1600万名妇女脱盲。改革开放后，中国持续开展扫盲工作，到1993年累计扫除妇女文盲1.1亿。1995年以来，中国政府颁布实施三个周期的中国妇女发展纲要，始终把扫除妇女文盲、提高妇女识字率作为主要目标，把扫除农村妇女文盲作为重点。全国15岁及以上女性人口文盲率由新中国成立前的90%降至2017年的7.3%，实现历史巨变。
九年义务教育基本消除性别差距。在大力扫除妇女文盲的基础上，中国高度重视保障女童接受基础教育的权利和机会。制定出台《中华人民共和国义务教育法》等法律和政策，不断加大义务教育投入，重点向农村地区倾斜，通过设立中小学助学金、制定女童专项扶助政策、实施“春蕾计划”和“希望工程”等助学项目，大大增加了农村女童受教育的机会。党的十八大以来，大力推进城乡义务教育一体化发展，补齐农村义务教育短板，农村女童接受教育的机会更多。2017年，女童小学净入学率达到99.9%，与男童完全相同；普通小学和普通初中在校生中女生比例分别达到46.5%和46.4%，比1951年分别提高18.5和20.8个百分点。义务教育阶段基本实现男女平等。
The gender gap in the nine-year compulsory education has been basically eliminated. On the basis of eradicating female illiteracy, China attaches great importance to guaranteeing the rights and opportunities for girls to receive basic education, having formulated and issued such laws and policies as the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China to continuously increase investments in compulsory education, giving preferential treatment to rural areas. By offering grants to students in primary and secondary schools, rolling out special support policies for girls, implementing aid projects including the Spring Bud Project and the Project Hope, the country has significantly expanded the opportunities for rural girls to receive education. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, great effort has been made to integrate compulsory education in both urban and rural areas, having overcome the weaknesses in rural compulsory education and created even more opportunities for rural girls to receive education. In 2017, the net primary school enrollment rates of boys and girls were both 99.9%; the proportion of girls in regular primary schools and regular junior high schools was 46.5% and 46.4% respectively, 18.5 and 20.8 percentage points higher than those in 1951 respectively. Gender equality in compulsory education has been basically achieved.
妇女接受高中阶段和高等教育水平实现历史新高。中国高度重视教育发展，女性接受高中阶段和高等教育的机会不断增加。改革开放40多年来，大力普及高中阶段教育，加大中西部贫困地区扶持力度，实行家庭经济困难学生资助政策，女性接受高中阶段教育的机会显著增多。2017年，高中阶段教育毛入学率达到88.3%，高中阶段教育在校女生占在校生总数的47.7%，其中普通高中在校生中女生比例已达50.9%。1998年颁布《中华人民共和国高等教育法》，不断扩大高等教育规模，推行助学贷款制度，设立助学奖学金，为更多女性接受高等教育创造了条件。2017年，普通高等学校本专科在校女生占在校生总数的比例已达52.5%，比1978年提高28.4个百分点，比1949年提高32.7个百分点（图4）；女研究生占研究生总数的比例已达48.4%，比1985年提高29.8个百分点。
The rate of women enjoying high school and higher education has reached a record high. China attaches great importance to the development of education, with the opportunities for women to enjoy high school and higher education on a steady rise. In the past four decades since the reform and opening up, the country has made a vigorous effort to popularize high school education, giving more assistance to poor areas in central and western China and offering grants to students from impoverished families. As a result, opportunities for girls to receive high school education have remarkably increased. In 2017, the gross high school enrollment rate was 88.3%, with girls accounting for 47.7% of all students in high schools, and 50.9% of students in regular high schools were females. The Higher Education Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1998 created conditions for more females to enjoy higher education by expanding the scale of higher education, promoting educational loan system, and offering students grants and scholarships. Women accounted for 52.5% of students in regular institutions of higher education, 28.4 percentage points higher than in 1978, 32.7 percentage points higher than in 1949 (see Chart 4); women accounted for 48.4% of postgraduate students, 29.8 percentage points higher than in 1985.
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