（一）构建了较为完备的人权保障法律规范体系
中国逐步建立了以宪法为核心，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系，涵盖人权保障各层面的法律法规已经比较完备。
1. Establishing the Legal Framework to Protect Human Rights
China has gradually established a socialist legal framework with Chinese characteristics. In this framework, the Constitution is at the core, and laws related to the Constitution, the Civil Law, the Commercial Law, and other legal departments are the main body, covering laws, administrative regulations, and local laws and regulations at multiple levels. The laws and regulations covering all levels of human rights protection are relatively complete.
保障公民及政治权利的法律规范不断完善。立法法规定，有关犯罪和刑罚、对公民政治权利的剥夺和限制人身自由的强制措施和处罚、司法制度等事项,只有全国人大及其常委会有权立法。刑法确立罪刑法定原则、适用刑法人人平等原则、罪责刑相适应原则，刑事诉讼法将“尊重和保障人权”写入总则，明确规定无罪推定原则、非法证据排除规则，既依法打击侵犯公民生命、健康、自由、财产等权利的犯罪行为，又重视保护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和罪犯依法享有的人权。选举法、集会游行示威法、民族区域自治法以及宗教、信访、出版、社团登记等方面的行政法规，对保障公民及政治权利作出了明确规定。国家安全法、反间谍法、反恐怖主义法、网络安全法、国家情报法、核安全法等法律，为维护公民人身财产安全、公共安全和国家安全提供坚实的法制保障。
The legal norms guaranteeing civil and political rights have been improved. The Legislation Law stipulates that only the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee have the power to legislate on matters concerning criminal offences and penalties, compulsory measures and penalties involving deprivation of a citizen’s political rights or restriction of personal freedom, the justice system, and others.
The Criminal Law establishes three principles: 1) Any act deemed by explicit stipulations of law as a crime should be prosecuted and punished as such, and any act not deemed by explicit stipulations of law as a crime is not to be prosecuted or punished. 2) Everyone is equal before the law in committing crime. No one is permitted to have privileges to transgress the law. 3) The severity of punishments must be commensurate with the crime committed by an offender and the criminal responsibility is to be borne by the offender.
The Criminal Procedure Law contains in its General Provisions the principle to “respect and protect human rights”. It also clearly stipulates the principle of presumption of innocence and the rules for the exclusion of illegal evidence. It proscribes criminal acts infringing upon citizens’ rights to life, health, freedom, property, etc. by law, while attaching importance to protecting the human rights enjoyed by criminal suspects, accused persons, and criminals in accordance with the law.
The Election Law, Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, and administrative regulations on religion, letters and visits, publishing, and association registration have clear articles on the protection of civil and political rights.
The National Security Law, Counter-Espionage Law, Counter-Terrorism Law, Cyber Security Law, National Intelligence Law, Nuclear Safety Law and other laws provide a solid legal basis for guaranteeing personal and property security, public security and national security.
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