少数民族宗教信仰自由获得充分保障。截至目前，西藏自治区有藏传佛教活动场所1778处，住寺僧尼4.6万多人，正常的宗教活动和宗教信仰依法受到保护。活佛转世制度作为藏传佛教所特有的信仰和传承方式，得到国家和西藏自治区各级政府的尊重，国家颁布了《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》，西藏自治区现有活佛358名，其中60多位新转世活佛按历史定制和宗教仪轨得到认定。不断完善藏传佛教僧人学经制度。截至2017年，西藏自治区已有84名学经僧人获得了格西“拉让巴”学位，168名僧人获得了中国藏语系高级佛学院“拓然巴”高级学衔。正常宗教需求得到满足，以多种语言文字翻译出版发行伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍。《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》出版发行达176万余册。完成对藏文大藏经的校勘出版，印制《甘珠尔》大藏经达1490多部供给寺庙，满足僧尼和信教群众的学修需求。法律保护正常的宗教活动。开设教职人员解经骨干培训班、宗教活动场所民主管理组织负责人培训班等，提升宗教团体自我管理水平。自2011年始，国家宗教事务局已举办十余期伊斯兰教解经骨干培训班，为新疆培训教职人员数百人。中央政府支持新疆伊斯兰教经学院扩建校舍，改善教学环境，扩大招生规模。
Ethnic minority groups’ right to freedom of religious belief has been fully protected. Religious beliefs and normal religious activities are protected by law. At the moment Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,778 venues for practicing Tibetan Buddhism, and some 46,000 resident monks and nuns. The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region, the state having issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibet now has 358 Living Buddhas, more than 60 of whom have been confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals.
The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks study sutras has been improved. By 2017 a total of 84 monks from Tibet had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 168 in Beijing. China has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions in multiple languages to satisfy normal religious needs. More than 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari have been distributed. The Tibetan Buddhist canons have been revised and published, and 1,490 copies of the canon Kangyur have been given to monasteries for monks, nuns and religious persons to study. To improve the self-management capacity of religious groups, the state offers training sessions to clerics on interpreting scriptures, and to persons who manage venues for religious activities. Since 2011 the National Religious Affairs Administration has organized over a dozen training sessions on interpreting Islamic scripture, and trained several hundred clerics from Xinjiang. The central government supports the Xinjiang Islamic Institute in expanding its campus, improving teaching conditions, and enrolling more students.
（二）妇女、儿童和老年人权利
妇女参与公共事务管理和经济社会发展的权利得到切实保障。男女平等基本国策进一步贯彻落实。颁布修订妇女权益保障法。不断提高女干部在同级干部中所占比例，全国党政机关中女性干部从改革开放初期的42.2万名提升至2017年的190.6万名，占干部总数的26.5%。切实保障妇女参政议政权。十三届全国人大有742名女性代表，占比24.9%；十三届全国政协现有442名女性委员，占比20.5%。在2018年各省级两会上，人大和政协中的女性比例分别为27.33%和25.69%。加强妇女经济赋权，着力推动妇女创业就业。2016年，全国女性就业人口占就业总人口的43.1%。实施鼓励妇女就业创业的小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，截至2018年6月，全国累计发放妇女创业担保贷款3590多亿元，获贷妇女634万人次，落实财政贴息资金390多亿元。截至2017年9月，全国共签订女职工权益保护专项集体合同136.6万份，覆盖企业315.3万家，覆盖女职工7999.9万人。在592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县，女性人口的贫困发生率从2005年的20.3%下降到2010年的9.8%。
2. Rights of Women, Children and the Elderly
Women’s rights to equal participation in the administration of public affairs and socioeconomic development are protected. China has taken numerous solid measures to implement the basic state policy of gender equality, and amended the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests. The proportion of female officials at each level of officialdom has increased steadily, and the number of female officials in Party and government organs has grown from 422,000 at the beginning of reform and opening up to 1.9 million in 2017, accounting for 26.5 percent of all officials. Women participate fully in the administration and discussion of state affairs. The 13th NPC has 742 female deputies (24.9 percent), and the 13th CPPCC National Committee now has 442 female members (20.5 percent). At the 2018 sessions of the provincial people’s congresses and political consultative conferences, women made up 27.33 percent and 25.69 percent of all deputies and members.
The state has strengthened economic empowerment for women, helping them to start businesses and seek employment. In 2016, women employed nationwide accounted for 43.1 percent of the total employed population. To engage women in employment and entrepreneurship, China has introduced the small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount. By June 2018, a total of RMB359 billion had been issued in guaranteed loans to 6.34 million women to start businesses, and the government had allocated RMB39 billion for interest discount. By September 2017, 1.37 million collective contracts for protecting female workers’ rights and interests had been signed nationwide, covering almost 80 million female workers in 3.15 million enterprises. In the 592 poorest counties which are the main targets of national poverty alleviation and development work, the incidence of poverty of the female population decreased from 20.3 percent in 2005 to 9.8 percent in 2010.
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