四、显著改善特定群体权利
改革开放40年来，中国不断完善相关权利保障机制，采取有针对性的措施，为特定群体创造了实现自我发展和人生价值的机会，切实保障少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人和残疾人的合法权益。
IV. Ensuring the Rights of Special Groups
Over the 40 years since reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, China has improved various mechanisms for ensuring its citizens’ rights, adopting targeted measures to create opportunities for special groups in pursuit of self-development and life goals. The legitimate rights of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled are protected.
（一）少数民族权利
少数民族参与国家事务管理的权利得到有效保障。各民族自治地方依法享有广泛的自治权，包括政治、经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生等各项事业的自主管理权。55个少数民族均有本民族的全国人大代表和全国政协委员。十三届全国人大代表中，少数民族代表438名，占14.7%。155个民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中，均有实行区域自治民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。民族自治地方政府的主席、州长、县长或旗长，均由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。在西藏自治区第十一届人民代表大会中，藏族和其他少数民族人士在常委会主任、副主任中占50%，在自治区人大代表中占66%。
1. Rights of Ethnic Minority Groups
The right of ethnic minority groups in administering state affairs is effectively guaranteed. The ethnic autonomous regions enjoy the right of autonomy in extensive areas as prescribed by law, including autonomy in the fields of politics, the economy, education, science and technology, culture, and health. All 55 minority groups have deputies and members at the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. The standing committees of people’s congresses in all 155 ethnic autonomous areas have citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties and banners are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas. In the 11th People’s Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region, the director and half of the deputy directors of the standing committee, and two-thirds of the deputies, are from the Tibetan or other ethnic minority groups.
民族地区经济快速发展。内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和云南、贵州、青海3个省的地区生产总值由1978年的324亿元增至2017年的84899亿元；贫困人口从2010年的5040万下降到2017年的1032万，累计减贫4008万人，贫困发生率从34.5%下降到6.9%。2012年至2017年，国家投入中央财政扶贫专项资金少数民族发展方向244.97亿元。出台《“十三五”促进民族地区和人口较少民族发展规划》《兴边富民行动“十三五”规划》，推进民族地区、边疆地区经济社会跨越式发展。
The economy of ethnic minority areas has experienced rapid growth. The total GDP of the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Qinghai has grown from RMB32.4 billion in 1978 to RMB8.49 trillion in 2017. The impoverished population in these regions has dropped from 50.4 million in 2010 to 10.32 million in 2017, with 40.08 million people shaking off poverty and the incidence of poverty reduced from 34.5 to 6.9 percent. From 2012 to 2017 the central government allocated RMB24.5 billion from the state poverty alleviation fund to support the development of ethnic minority groups. With the release of the Program for Developing Ethnic Minority Areas and Ethnic Groups with Small Populations During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and the Program for Revitalizing Border Areas and Enriching the People During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, China aims to achieve a big stride in social and economic development in these areas.
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