西藏发生武装叛乱后，中国人民解放军在西藏各族人民的拥护和支持下，迅速平息了叛乱，同时开展了民主改革运动。对十四世达赖的叛逃，中央政府决定不加阻拦，并以其被劫持的说法，为其留有余地。同时，对他采取了耐心等待的态度，他的全国人大常委会副委员长职务一直保留到1964年。1959年10月，新中国领导人毛泽东在同印度共产党代表团谈话时说：“如果达赖赞成我们的主张，我们希望达赖回来。只要赞成两条，第一，西藏是中国的一部分，第二，在西藏要进行民主改革和社会主义改革，他就可以回来。”
然而，叛逃后的十四世达赖在叛国途中即公开撕毁《十七条协议》，矢口否认其曾经表示的爱国立场和作出的爱国承诺，公然与中央政府决裂，走上背叛国家和民族的道路。1959年6月，十四世达赖在印度穆索里发表声明，声称“西藏实际上一向是独立的”。1963年，十四世达赖在印度达兰萨拉召开“西藏人民代表大会”，成立所谓“西藏流亡政府”，颁布所谓“宪法”，规定“由达赖任国家元首”，“大臣由达赖任命”，“政府的一切工作均由达赖同意方被认可”。
With the support and cooperation of people of all the ethnic groups in Tibet, the PLA quickly put down the armed rebellion and enforced democratic reform. The central government decided not to prevent the 14th Dalai Lama from fleeing abroad, even allowing him some leeway by announcing that he had been abducted. The central authorities adopted an attitude of patience, and preserved his position as a vice-chairman of the NPC Standing Committee until 1964. In his talks with a delegation from the Indian Communist Party in October 1959, Chairman Mao Zedong said, "We will welcome the Dalai Lama's return if he accepts our two propositions. One is that Tibet is part of China and the other is that he will carry out democratic and socialist reform in Tibet."
However, the 14th Dalai Lama publicly abandoned the 17-Article Agreement during his defection and flatly denied his previous patriotic stance and his promise of loyalty to China. He openly broke with the central government, taking a path of betraying the Chinese nation. In June 1959, he issued a statement in Mussoorie, India, claiming that Tibet had in fact been an independent country. In 1963, he convened a "people's congress of Tibet" in Dharamsala, India, which established the "Tibetan government in exile." A so-called "constitution" was promulgated, which states that "the Dalai Lama is the head of state," "the ministers shall be appointed by the Dalai Lama," and "no work of the government shall be approved without the consent of the Dalai Lama."
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