自20世纪70年代末实行改革开放以来，中国政府不断加大扶贫力度，成立专门扶贫工作机构，确定重点扶持地区和群体，安排专项资金，制定适合现实国情的贫困标准和专门的优惠政策，确定了开发式扶贫方针。中国政府在全国范围内开展了有计划有组织的大规模开发式扶贫，先后实施了《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划（1994-2000年）》《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2001-2010年）》《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011-2020年）》等中长期扶贫规划，减贫成为国家战略的重要组成部分。
党的十八大以来，党中央把扶贫开发摆到治国理政的重要位置，提升到事关全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标的新高度，纳入“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局进行决策部署。党的十八届五中全会提出了贫困人口全部脱贫、贫困县全部摘帽的目标任务。中央召开扶贫开发工作会议，中共中央、国务院印发关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定，对“十三五”脱贫攻坚作出全面部署。“十三五”规划将中央脱贫攻坚决策部署变为国家意志，变为可操作的规划，第一次把脱贫攻坚作为五年规划纲要的重要内容，第一次把贫困人口脱贫作为五年规划的约束性指标，第一次由省区市党政一把手向中央签署《脱贫攻坚责任书》，并层层立下军令状。
Since the initiation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the Chinese government has worked without fail to alleviate poverty - establishing special poverty-relief institutions, determining targeted areas and population, allocating specialized funds, formulating poverty standards and special preferential policies adapted to China's national conditions, and steering its policy of poverty alleviation through development.
The government has carried out large-scale development-oriented poverty eradication programs across the country in a planned and organized way, and implemented a series of medium- and long-term projects which include the Seven-Year Program for Lifting 80 Million People Out of Poverty (1994-2000), the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China's Rural Areas (2001-2010) and the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China's Rural Areas (2011-2020). Poverty reduction has become an important component of China's national strategy.
Since the 18th National Congress of CPC, the Central Committee has given top priority to development-oriented poverty reduction in its philosophy of governance, deeming it vital in its efforts to complete the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), which is known to be one of China's "Two Centenary Goals." (see note) To this end, poverty reduction has been incorporated into China's overall approach to building socialism with Chinese characteristics, that is, to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social and ecological areas and strategy of "Four Comprehensives" (comprehensively build a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepen reform, comprehensively implement the rule of law, and comprehensively strengthen Party discipline).
[Note: The Two Centenary Goals were put forth by the CPC at its 18th National Congress for building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The other goal is to build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People's Republic of China (founded in 1949).]
At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee held in October 2015, the CPC further specified the task of eliminating rural poverty and rehabilitating all impoverished counties by 2020. The subsequent central work conference on development-oriented poverty reduction, held the following November, and the decision on winning the fight against poverty issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in December, made comprehensive plans on poverty elimination for the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020).
China's 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development has codified the central leadership's poverty-reduction decision into the state will that is operable in practice. For the first time, poverty reduction has been made an important part of one of China's five-year plans, and helping the poor population shake off poverty has been listed an obligatory index in such a document. Also for the first time, the heads of Party committees and governments of relevant provinces and autonomous regions have signed to the Central Authorities letters of commitment on poverty elimination, and likewise similar documents have been signed by leaders at lower levels.
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