生态保护脱贫持续推进。在贫困地区积极推进天然林资源保护、退耕还林、退牧还草、京津风沙源治理、石漠化综合治理和生物多样性保护等重大生态工程，加快贫困地区生态保护和修复步伐，改善当地生态环境，不断拓展贫困人口生存空间，为当地优势特色产业发展、贫困人口就业增收以及保障发展环境创造了良好的条件。建立完善生态补偿机制，积极推进贫困地区的生态补偿工作，进一步提高森林生态效益补偿标准，完善草原生态保护奖励机制，推动贫困地区传统牧业向现代牧业转变。拓宽贫困人口增收渠道，鼓励重点工程区范围内的贫困户投工投劳，提高了贫困人口的受益水平。改善贫困人口生存条件，加大贫困县生态环境综合治理力度，强化木本粮油、特色林果、木竹原料林、林下经济、草食畜牧业、生态旅游业等发展，切实改善贫困人口生活条件。
教育脱贫力度不断加大。“十二五”期间，中国把教育扶贫作为脱贫攻坚的重要内容，深入推进义务教育均衡发展，着力缩小城乡教育差距，全面改善贫困地区的办学条件，实施学前教育三年行动计划、乡村教师生活补助计划，实施中等职业学校免学费、补助生活费政策及面向贫困地区定向招生专项计划，切实保障贫困人口受教育权利。2012-2015年，中央财政累计投入资金831亿元改造义务教育薄弱学校，投入约140亿元建设边远艰苦地区农村学校教师周转宿舍24.4万套，可入住教师30万人。连续实施学前教育三年行动计划，全国学前三年毛入园率由2011年的62.3%提高到2015年的75%，中西部地区在园幼儿数由2011年的2153万增加到2015年的2789万，增长了30%。2014年11月，有关部门联合印发《关于统一城乡中小学教职工编制标准的通知》，将县镇、农村中小学教职工编制标准统一到城市标准，并向农村边远贫困地区倾斜。2013-2015年，中央财政累计投入资金约44亿元，支持连片特困地区对乡村教师发放生活补助，惠及约600个县的100多万名乡村教师。2012-2015年，中央财政共下达中等职业学校免学费补助资金417亿元，对公办中等职业学校全日制在校生中所有农村（含县镇）学生、城市涉农专业和家庭经济困难学生免除学费（艺术类相关专业除外）。对在职业教育行政管理部门依法批准、符合国家标准的民办中等职业学校就读的符合免学费政策条件的学生，按照当地同类型同专业公办中等职业学校免除学费标准给予补助。对全日制一、二年级在校涉农专业学生和非涉农专业家庭经济困难学生发放国家助学金，2012-2014年标准为每生每年1500元，从2015年春季学期起标准提高到每生每年2000元，覆盖近40%的学生。实施面向贫困地区定向招生专项计划，面向832个贫困县4年累计录取学生18.3万人，贫困地区农村学生上重点高校人数连续三年（2013-2015年）增长10%以上。
Poverty eradication through ecological conservation is making progress. In poverty-stricken areas, the state promotes the protection of natural forest resources, returning farmlands to forests and grazing land to grasslands, controlling the sources of sandstorms affecting the Beijing- Tianjin area, controlling stony desertification, and protecting biological diversity. All these efforts have contributed to protecting the ecology in impoverished areas and restoring the environment, to improving local ecology, to providing more opportunities for the impoverished population, to boosting the industries with local characteristics, and to increasing the employment and income of local residents and protecting the resources required for their development. China has established a mechanism for ecological compensation, and is actively promoting the program in poverty-stricken areas. It has further raised the standards of compensating the ecological benefits of forests, improving the reward mechanism for grassland ecological protection, and promoting the modernization of animal husbandry in poverty-stricken areas. Measures have been taken to expand the income channels of the impoverished population, and to encourage voluntary work by those living in the key projects areas, thereby bringing them benefits. China strives to improve living conditions of impoverished population. Efforts have been made to improve the ecological environment of impoverished counties, and to promote the development of woody grain and oil, specialty fruits, timber and bamboo forests, forest-dependent industries, herbivorous animal husbandry, and eco-tourism, effectively improving the lives of the impoverished population.
Increased efforts have been made to alleviate poverty through education. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, China prioritized education in its effort to eradicate poverty. The measures included: continuing to promote the balanced development of compulsory education, closing the gap in education between urban and rural areas, improving education infrastructure in impoverished areas, implementing the Action Plan for Three-Year Preschool Education, offering cost-of-living subsidies to teachers in rural areas, and enrolling students from poverty-stricken areas, exempting their tuition fees at secondary vocational schools, and allotting living subsidies to the students. All this was targeted at ensuring impoverished people's access to education.
In 2012-2015, the central government injected RMB83.1 billion into poor compulsory education schools, and RMB14 billion to build 244,000 dormitory units for 300,000 teachers in remote rural areas. The state carried out a three-year action plan to promote preschool education, increasing the nation's three-year preschool gross enrollment rate from 62.3 percent in 2011 to 75 percent in 2015. In central and western China, the number of children enrolled in kindergartens rose from 21.53 million in 2011 to 27.89 million in 2015, up 30 percent. Following the release of the Notice on Unifying the Establishment of the Faculty and Staff of Elementary and Secondary Schools in Urban and Rural Areas, issued in November 2014, the teaching and administrative staff of elementary and secondary schools in villages, counties, and towns began to enjoy the same standards of establishment as urban schools, with favorable treatment for those in remote poor rural areas. In 2013-2015, the central government allotted RMB4.4 billion for cost-of-living subsidies for rural teachers in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, benefiting over one million teachers in 600 counties. In 2012-2015, the central government provided RMB41.7 billion in tuition subsidies to secondary vocational schools, and granted exemptions from tuition fees to rural students (including those from counties and towns) and urban students with agriculture-related majors or with financial difficulties (except those majoring in arts) at full-time public secondary vocational schools. Students who were eligible for tuitions exemption at private secondary vocational schools certified by administrative organs were guaranteed the same tuition exemptions as students of the same major at local public secondary vocational schools. The state offers grants to first- and second-year students with agriculture- related majors or with financial difficulties at full-time schools, and the standard has been raised from RMB1,500 per student per year in 2012-2014 to RMB2,000 since the spring semester of 2015, covering 40 percent of students. A directional enrollment program was carried out in poverty-stricken areas, enrolling 183,000 students in 832 impoverished counties form 2012 to 2015. In 2013-2015, the annual growth rate of rural students from poor areas enrolled in key universities was kept above 10 percent.
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