三、概念周延扩大
概念周延扩大也叫概念的概括或概念的外延,是逻辑学中减少某一概念的内涵,使其变为外延较大的概念的一种逻辑方法。概念扩大的结果是使其内涵减少,从而使表迖这一概念的词语由具体变得笼统。翻译时,如果原文中的某一概念的周延在译文中被错误地扩大,往往会使原文中本来明确的意思变得不明确、不完整或模糊不清,从而影响对原作的表达。
例4. The contents of 4 important volatile components of apple such as ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, n-butyl acetate and n-hexyl acetate would be decreased when fruits were irradiated with 0.72. 0 kGy of y rays. However, irradiation has no effects on the pure chemicals. [0.72.0 kGy 7射线辐照、减少了苹果中4种挥发性成分即乙酸乙酯、丁醇、乙酸丁酯和乙酸己酯的含量,但同样的剂量对上述四种物质的纯品则没有影响。]
原文中的“上述四种物质的纯品”被译为the pure chemicals (化学纯品),原有的概念外延被大大扩展,使其内涵大大减少,将本来明确的意思变得不完整或模糊不清。
改译:The contents of four important volatile components in apple fruits including ethyl acetate, n -butyl alcohol, n-butyl acetate and n-hexyl acetate decreased when the fruit was irradiated with 0.72 0 kGy of y rays, but the irradiation with the same dosage produced no effect on the pure preparations of the above four substances.
四、概念歧义
概念歧义或歧义概念是指一个表达概念A的词语同时又表述 概念B,并且使读者难以在给定的上下文中确定其究竟属于哪一概念。概念歧义是由于一词多义或代词使用不当所造成的。它对译文表达的影响是可想而知的。科技英语中应尽量避免这种现象。其他文体中除双关修辞外也应尽量避免概念歧义现象。
例5. The high rate of glucoamylase cDNA containing clonesin the cDNA bank of strain T21 provided evidence of high steady state level of glucoamylase mRNA in mycelium of mutant T21. Obviously, it is one of the major reasons for the high glucoamylase productivity of mutant T21. [从菌株T21构建的cDNA库中含糖化酶cDNA插入片断的克隆的高比率充分证明,菌株T21中稳态糖化酶mRNA含量很高,显然这是突变株T21糖化酶高产的重要原因之一。]
原译第二句中的代词it代替什么,读者无法做出确切的断定。如果仅按语法结构分析,it所代替的先行词有五种可能,依次为:(a)前面整个句子的意思;(b)前句的主语部分the high rate of glucoamylase-cDNA-containg(最好写作 the high rate of clones containing glucoamylase cDNA;注意:原文的书写方式是错误的); (c)前句的宾语部分 the evidence of high steady state level of glucoamylase mRNA; (d) glucoamylase- cDNA - containing clones;(e) high steady state level of glucoamylase mRNA.如果按语法结构和上下文关系两方面分析,it所代替的范围可缩小至3种,依次为 (b)、(d)和(e),it所表达的概念仍是歧义的,不能表达明确的思 想。但是,原文中的代词“这”代替“菌株T21中稳态糖化酶mRNA含量很高”是很明确的,而译文却不能将it代替high steady level of glucoamylase mRNA 明确表适出来。
改译:The high rate of clones containing glucoamylase cDNA fragment in the cDNA bank of strain T21 proves that high is the level of stable-state glucoamylase mRNA in mycelium of mutant T21, which is one of the major reasons for the high glucoamylase productivity of mutant T21.
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