副词的主要功能是修饰和说明动词、形容词或其它副词的。但在一定的情况下,它又可以活用为其它词类。
一、副词活用为名词
如:
1. 人与天地相参,故五藏各以治时,感于寒则受病,微则为咳, 甚则为泄,为痛。(《素问•咳论》)
原文分析:
原文中的“甚”本为副词,在这里同“微则为咳”中的“微”(形容词性)的性质一样,相当于现代汉语的“的字结构”,起名词作用,在分句中充当主语。所以这句话可译为:
As
the human body and the natural world are interrelated, so the five zang
organs correspond respectively to each of the seasons. Therefore the
affection of cryopathogens may result in illness, causing a cough if
trivial and diarrhea as well as abdominal pain ifserious.
译文说明:
(1)
“人与天地相参”即“天人相应”的思想。有人将其译为 the relationship between the human body and
the environment,意思不够明确。译文试将其译为human body and the natural world are
interrelated
(之所以译成一个句子,主要是为了译文的整体结构。如单就其本身翻译来讲,最好不要译成句子,尽可能译成一个词组性的术语。我们曾尝试将其译为interrelation
between man and nature,写在这里仅供大家参考)。
(2)“故五藏各以治时”即指“五脏分别与春、夏、长夏、秋、 肾相对应”。所以译作 so the five zang organs correspond respectively to each of the seasons。
(3)“感于寒则受病”一句为行文方便起见另立为一个独立句,
然后将“微则咳,甚则为泄、为痛”以伴随状语形式译于其后。其 中伴随状语译文 causing a cough if trivial and
diarrhea as well as abdominal pain if serious 中的 if trivial 是 if it is
trivial 的省略, 同理if serious也是if it is serious的省略。“痛”、“泄”指“腹痛”、“腹泻”。
二、副词活用为动词
如:
2. 大气皆去,病日已也。(《素问•热论》)
原文分析:
“已”本为副词,在本句中充当谓语,起动词的作用,意即
“好起来了”。“大气”即“大邪”,指外感六淫之邪。所以这句话可译为:As all exopathogens have diminished,
the illness is gradually improved,
3. 病斯世之贸贸也,述先贤之格言,摅生平之心得,穷源竟委,作为是书。 (《温病条辨》叙)
原文分析:
原文中“竟”带有宾语“委”,在句中充当谓语,起动词作用, 意即“彻底探究”。“穷”、“竟”同义,在此属避复修辞法。现试将这段原之翻译如下:
I
feel worried about people's ignorance of Seasonal Febrile Diseases,
therefore,by recording previous doctor's dictums about medicine,setting
down my own experiences, and thoroughly studying the origin of medicine,
I have written this book.