妇女生殖保健服务不断加强。制定出台法规政策和规划，实施生殖健康项目，不断提高妇女生殖健康水平。20世纪90年代，积极开展以人为本的计划生育优质服务，推进避孕方法知情选择，尊重和保护妇女生殖健康权益。党的十八大以来，中国调整完善生育政策，强化计划生育优质服务。2016年发布《“十三五”卫生与健康规划》，实施免费计划生育技术服务基本项目，普及避孕节育、优生优育和生殖健康知识，提高药具服务的可及性和便捷性，做好再生育技术指导服务，提高生殖健康水平。2018年印发《母婴安全行动计划》《人工流产后避孕服务规范》，开展妊娠风险防范、危急重症救治、质量安全提升、专科能力建设、便民优质服务五大行动，特别是为农村计划怀孕夫妇免费提供健康教育、健康检查等孕前优生服务。开展流动人口计划生育基本公共服务均等化试点，为流动妇女提供孕产妇保健服务。
Reproductive health services for women have been further strengthened. China has enacted relevant laws, policies, and plans to improve women’s reproductive health. In the 1990s, China launched people-oriented services for family planning, promoted informed choice of contraceptive methods and protected women's rights and interests of reproductive health. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has adjusted and improved its family planning policy and strengthened the quality of family planning services. In 2016, the 13th Five-Year Plan on Health Development was released to implement basic programs of free technical services for family planning, popularize the knowledge of contraception, healthy childbirth and child rearing, and reproductive health, improve the accessibility and convenience of pharmaceutical services, enhance reproductive technical guidance services, and lift the level of reproductive health. In 2018, China issued the Maternal and Child Safety Action Plan and the Codes of Contraceptive Services after Induced Abortion to implement five major actions consisting of lowering pregnancy risk, treating severe diseases, improving quality and safety, empowering specialist capacity, and providing convenient and high-quality services for women. The country offers free pre-pregnancy health services including health education and health examination to rural couples who plan for pregnancy. China has launched pilot programs to ensure equal access to family planning and other basic public services by women in the migrant population, and has provided maternal health services for women in the migrant population.
妇女健康水平持续提高。2015年，妇女平均预期寿命为79.4岁，比1981年提高了10.1岁，比新中国成立时提高了42.7岁。孕产妇死亡率持续降低，提前实现联合国千年发展目标。2018年，全国孕产妇死亡率为18.3/10万，比1990年的88.8/10万大幅下降了79.4%（图5）。城乡差距不断缩小，城市与农村孕产妇死亡率之比从1990年的1∶2.2下降到2018年的1∶1.3。
图5 全国孕产妇死亡率（1/10万）
Women's health has further improved. Women’s average life expectancy grew to 79.4 years in 2015, an increase of 10.1 years over 1981 and 42.7 years over 1949 when New China was founded. The maternal mortality rate has fallen 79.4% from 88.8 per 100,000 in 1990 to 18.3 per 100,000 in 2018 (see Chart 5), meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. The gap between urban and rural areas has been further narrowed: the ratio of urban to rural maternal mortality decreased from 1:2.2 in 1990 to 1:1.3 in 2018.
七、妇女社会保障水平不断提高
坚持在发展中保障和改善妇女民生。中国加快建设覆盖全民、城乡统筹、权责清晰、保障适度、可持续的多层次社会保障体系，全面实施全民参保计划，全面推进病有所医、老有所养、弱有所扶，各项社会保障实现了制度性覆盖，妇女的获得感、幸福感、安全感持续增强。
VII. Social Security for Women Continues to Improve
China sticks to ensuring and improving women’s livelihood in the course of pursing development. China works to develop a sustainable multi-tiered social security system that covers the entire population in both urban and rural areas, with clearly defined rights and responsibilities, and support that hits the right level. China will work to see that everyone has access to social security, medical services, elderly care, and social assistance. With social security institutionalized, Chinese women have an ever-stronger sense of fulfillment, happiness and security.
妇女生育保障水平大幅提高。积极推进生育保障制度建设，保障妇女生育权益。从1949年到1992年，相继出台劳动保险条例、公费医疗以及女工产假等政策规定，生育女性享有产假及生育津贴、生育补助和医疗服务费用报销等待遇。1994年出台《企业职工生育保险试行办法》，对生育保险的筹资、待遇等作出规定，标志着城镇职工生育保险制度的全面推行。2010年颁布的《中华人民共和国社会保险法》设生育保险专章，将部门规章上升为国家法律，为保障妇女生育权益提供法律依据。党的十八大以来，生育保障制度不断完善。2019年出台《关于全面推进生育保险和职工基本医疗保险合并实施的意见》，要求整合两项保险基金及管理资源，确保职工生育期间的生育保险待遇不变、确保制度可持续，有利于扩大生育保险覆盖面，使更多生育妇女受益。2018年，参加生育保险人数达两亿，其中女性8927万（图6）。参加城乡居民基本医疗保险的女性，享受生育医疗费用报销待遇，未就业女性的生育权益得到保障。女职工法定产假由90天延长到98天。各地陆续调整相关法规，设置生育奖励假和配偶护理假，一些地方对相关津贴待遇作出明确规定。
The level of maternity protection for women has increased significantly. China has actively developed a maternity protection system to safeguard women's reproductive rights and interests. From 1949 to 1992, China issued labor insurance regulations, policies of free medical services and regulations on maternity leave for women workers, stating that women who give birth enjoy maternity leave, maternity benefits, childbirth allowances, reimbursement for medical expenses and other services. In 1994, China introduced the Trial Measures for Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees which stipulated the financing and treatment of maternity insurance and marked the comprehensive implementation of maternity insurance system for urban employees. The Social Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated in 2010, has a separate chapter for maternity insurance, turning departmental regulations to national laws and providing a legal basis for safeguarding women's reproductive rights and interests. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the system of maternity protection has been constantly improved. In 2019, China issued a guideline to combine maternity insurance with basic medical insurance for employees, requiring the integration of the two insurance funds and management resources to ensure that maternity insurance benefits for employees remain sustainable and unchanged during the childbearing, which will help to expand the coverage of maternity insurance and benefit more women who give birth. In 2018, the number of people participating in maternity insurance reached more than 200 million and the number of women was 89.27 million (see Chart 6). Women who participate in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents enjoy reimbursement for medical expenses for childbirth, and the reproductive rights and interests of unemployed women are protected. China has extended statutory maternity leave from 90 days to 98 days. Relevant laws and regulations have been adjusted gradually in various places and childbirth incentive leave and spouse care leave have also been set up. Some local authorities have explicated provisions on relevant allowance and benefits.
图6 女性参加生育保险人数（万人）
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