问：美联储18日公布近日对12个联储地区的经济状况褐皮书称，由于美政府对进口钢铁和铝加征关税，美全国范围钢铁、铝价格已上涨。美制造业、农业、交通业等不同行业企业表达了对美政府此举及未来可能对中国产品加征关税的担忧。此外，昨天美国总统特朗普与日本首相安倍晋三共见记者时称，美国对中国汽车征收的关税税率是2.5%，而中国对美国汽车征收的关税税率是25%。美国在对外贸易中的首要追求是“对等”。中方对此有何评论？
答：我们注意到有关报道。我还注意到，美国布鲁金斯学会日前也发表报告称，美中如打贸易战，将导致美国2700个县丢失超过210万个就业岗位。另外，107个工商团体已联署致函美众议院筹款委员会反对对华加征关税。你提到的美联储的这个报告再次表明，在全球经济深度融合的今天，搞单边主义和贸易保护主义，必然损人害己。
Q: The US Federal Reserve's latest "Beige Book" on the state of US business across the central bank's 12 regional districts published on April 18 said that steel and aluminum prices rose nationwide as a result of recently-imposed tariffs on imported steel and aluminum by the US government. The US manufacturing, agriculture and transportation industries and enterprises have raised their concern over the US administration's move and possible imposition of tariffs on a wider list of Chinese imports going forward. Yesterday, joined by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, US President Donald Trump told the press that the US tariff rate for Chinese cars is 2.5 percent while the Chinese duty on US cars is 25 percent. "Reciprocal" will be the primary word that they're going to be using in the US trade with China. What is China's comment?
A: We have noted the relevant reports. I also noticed that the Brookings Institution said in a recent report that the China-US trade war could jeopardize up to 2.1 million jobs in 2,700 American counties. In addition, 107 US business and industry groups already sent a letter to the House Ways and Means Committee to oppose the imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods. The Federal Reserve's report you mentioned once again shows that in today's world featuring highly interdependent global economy, seeking unilateralism and trade protectionism is self-defeating as well as harmful to others.
关于汽车关税问题，我只想提醒大家注意几个事实。第一，美国对乘用车的进口税率是2.5%，但是卡车进口税率是25%。第二，中国25%的税率是针对进口整车的，零部件只有10%。第三，美国在华销售的大部分汽车都是美国汽车公司在中国的分公司生产的。仅通用一家2017年在中国销售汽车就有400万辆左右，其旗下凯迪拉克品牌在华销售超越美本土市场。应该说美国汽车企业在中国享受了巨大红利。另一方面，美国2017年对华汽车整车出口28万多辆，而中国同年对美整车出口仅5.3万辆。因此，简单比较中美两国整车进口税率没有意义。
关于“对等”问题，我想说的是，就关税而言，世贸组织并没有关税对等的原则，世贸组织成员关税总水平也不尽相同。对等和公平不能自说自话，不能完全根据自身利益和需要来制定标准，而是要靠大家平等协商来制定统一的国际规则和标准，而且应由大家共同遵守。强买强卖绝不是对等和公平，在这方面如果自作聪明、自以为是，到头来可能会自食其果。
With regard to the issue of tariffs on imported automobiles, I only want to remind you of several facts. First, though the US tariffs on imported passenger vehicles are only 2.5%, the rate for imported trucks is as high as 25%. Second, China's 25% tariffs are for imported whole vehicles and the rate for components and parts are only 10%. Third, most of the US automobiles sold in China are manufactured by the Chinese branches of those US car-makers. General Motors alone sold as many as around 4 million vehicles in China in 2017, and the Cadillac sold more cars in China than in the US. It is fair to say that the US car-makers have reaped enormous dividends in China. On the other hand, the US exported over 280,000 vehicles to China in 2017, while the Chinese ones exported to the US only amounted to 53 thousand over the same period. Therefore, a simplistic comparison of the Chinese and US tariff rate for imported finished automobiles makes no sense.
Finally, let's talk about the word "reciprocal". I would like to point out that when it comes to tariffs, the WTO doesn't have a principle of reciprocal tariffs and the overall rate varies a lot among the WTO members. The standards of reciprocity and fairness cannot be determined by oneself alone entirely on the basis of its own interests and needs. Instead, unified international rules and standards should be set up through equal negotiations by all and they should be followed by all. Imposing business deals on others is by no means reciprocal or fair, and someone who is self-righteous and presumptuous in this aspect will suffer the consequence of his action.
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