区域政策。20世纪末，中国政府开始实施西部大开发战略。中国的西部地区，自然条件相对恶劣，基础设施建设相对滞后，贫困人口比较集中。十多年来，西部大开发安排的水利、退耕还林、资源开发等项目，在同等条件下优先在贫困地区布局；公路建设加快向贫困地区延伸，把贫困地区的县城与国道、省道干线连接起来；基础设施建设项目尽量使用贫困地区的劳动力，增加贫困人口的现金收入。国家相继出台一系列区域发展政策，促进西藏和四川、云南、甘肃、青海四省藏区以及新疆、广西、重庆、宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古、云南等地经济社会发展，并把农村扶贫开发作为政策重点加以推进。
农村社会保障制度。为贫困人口提供基本的社会保障，是稳定解决贫困人口温饱问题的最基础手段。2007年，国家决定在全国农村全面建立最低生活保障制度，将家庭年人均纯收入低于规定标准的所有农村居民纳入保障范围，稳定、持久、有效地解决农村贫困人口温饱问题。农村最低生活保障标准，由县级以上地方政府按照能够维持当地农村居民全年基本生活所必需的吃饭、穿衣、用水、用电等费用确定。截至2010年底，全国农村低保覆盖2528.7万户、5214万人；2010年全年共发放农村低保资金445亿元人民币，其中中央补助资金269亿元人民币；全国农村低保平均标准为117元人民币/人、月，月人均补助水平为74元人民币。国家对农村丧失劳动能力和生活没有依靠的老、弱、孤、寡、残农民实行五保供养，即在吃、穿、住、医、葬等方面给予生活照顾和物质帮助。十年间，五保供养逐步实现了由集体福利事业转型为现代社会保障制度，所需资金由农民分摊转由国家财政负担。到2010年底，全国农村得到五保供养的人数为534万户、556.3万人，基本实现“应保尽保”，全国各级财政共发放农村五保供养资金96.4亿元人民币。2009年，国家开展新型农村社会养老保险试点工作，到2011年7月已覆盖全国60%的农村地区，共有493个国家扶贫开发工作重点县纳入试点，覆盖率达到83%。新型农村社会养老保险实行个人缴费、集体补助、政府补贴相结合的筹资方式，基础养老金和个人账户养老金相结合的待遇支付方式，中央财政对中西部地区按中央确定的基础养老金给予全额补助，对东部地区给予50%的补助。2010年，中央财政对新型农村社会养老保险基础养老金补贴111亿元人民币，地方财政补助资金116亿元人民币。2004年，国家出台了规范的最低工资制度，对保障以农民工为主体的劳动者的劳动报酬权益发挥了积极作用。
Regional policies. At the end of the 20th century, the Chinese government started to carry out the strategy of large-scale development of the western region. Compared to other regions of China, Western China has rather adverse natural conditions, underdeveloped infrastructure and a larger population of the poor. In the last decade, water conservancy projects, projects of returning cultivated land to forests and projects of resource exploitation, as planned in the strategy of developing the western region, were launched first in poverty-stricken areas, if all other conditions were equal; highways were extended to poor areas at a quicker pace to link up the county seats of poor areas with national and provincial trunklines; the labor force of poor areas was given preference in infrastructure construction projects to increase the cash income of the poor. The government worked out and implemented a series of policies for regional development to promote economic and social development in Tibet and Tibetan-inhabited areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai provinces, as well as in Xinjiang, Guangxi, Chongqing, Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Yunnan, and pushed forward the development-oriented poverty reduction program as a policy priority.
Rural social security system. To provide basic social security for the poverty-stricken population is the most fundamental way to steadily solve the problem of adequate food and clothing for such people. In 2007, the state decided to establish a rural subsistence allowance system throughout the rural areas that would cover all rural residents whose per-capita annual net household income was below the prescribed standard, so as to solve the problem of adequate food and clothing for the rural poor in a stable, lasting and effective way. The standards of rural subsistence allowance were determined by local governments above the county level on the basis of the fees needed for such basic necessities as food, clothing, water, electricity and other things throughout the year. By the end of 2010, the system covered 25.287 million rural households, totaling 52.14 million people. In 2010, a total of 44.5 billion yuan of rural subsistence allowance was issued, including 26.9 billion yuan of subsidy funds from the central government. The average standard for rural subsistence allowance is 117 yuan per person per month, and the average subsidy is 74 yuan per person per month. The state provides the five guaranteed forms of support (food, clothing, housing, medical care and burial expenses) for old, weak, orphaned, widowed or disabled rural residents who are unable to work and have no family support. During the decade, the government gradually turned these five forms of support from a collective welfare system into a modern social security system financed by the state instead of by the rural people themselves. By the end of 2010, the five forms of support had been extended to 5.34 million rural households totaling 5.563 million rural residents and basically covering almost all eligible rural residents. The public finances at all levels altogether granted 9.64 billion yuan to eligible rural residents for such support. In 2009, the state launched a pilot scheme of a new type of social endowment insurance for rural residents in some places. By July 2011, the scheme had extended to 60 percent of rural China, covering 493 key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, accounting for 83 percent of such counties. Under this new type of social endowment insurance for rural residents, the funds needed are pooled from personal contributions, collective grants and government subsidies, and the pensions are paid from the basic funds and personal accounts; the central finance subsidizes central and western China all the basic funds for old-age pensions in line with the standards decided by the central government, and subsidizes 50 percent of such funds for eastern China. In 2010, the central finance provided a total subsidy of 11.1 billion yuan for the basic old-age pension funds of the new social en-dowment insurance for rural residents, while the local finances supplied 11.6 billion yuan for the same purpose. In 2004, the state introduced a standard minimum wage system, which has played a positive role in guaranteeing the rights and interests of laborers, mainly migrant workers from rural areas, with respect to remuneration for their labor.
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