屯垦戍边是国家赋予兵团的职责。兵团的“屯垦”，以现代农业开发为基础，同时大力发展第二、第三产业，着重保护和改善生态环境，促进新疆的社会进步与民族团结。兵团的“戍边”，一方面守卫国家边防，另一方面维护国家统一和新疆社会稳定，防范和打击恐怖势力的犯罪破坏活动。20世纪80年代后，分裂势力、宗教极端势力、暴力恐怖势力等“三股势力”及其破坏活动成为影响新疆社会稳定、危害国家统一的严重威胁，兵团戍边的重点转移到防范和打击“三股势力”破坏活动的任务上。
1990年中央政府批准兵团在国家实行计划单列。兵团在继续作为新疆维吾尔自治区的重要组成部分、接受自治区领导的同时，逐渐由中央政府有关部门对口管理。这种双重领导体制的建立，是兵团行政隶属关系上的创造性变革，有利于中央与自治区对兵团的协调领导，有利于兵团履行肩负的各项职责，理顺了兵团与国家机关各部门的关系，进一步推动了兵团事业的发展。多年来，中央政府对兵团在公共服务和公共安全、教科文卫、农林水事务等领域给予政策支持和资金投入，为兵团经济社会发展注入了强大的活力和新的生命力。
In the course of fulfilling its responsibility to cultivate the border areas, the XPCC has focused on modern agricultural development while expanding secondary and tertiary industries, with emphatic efforts toward protecting and improving the ecological environment and promoting social progress and unity among ethnic groups in Xinjiang. In its endeavor to guard the border areas, the XPCC has strengthened national border defense while maintaining national unity and Xinjiang's social stability, and guarding against and cracking down on criminal sabotage activities by terrorist forces. Since the 1980s separatist, religious extremist and terrorist forces and their sabotage activities have become a major threat to national unity and to Xinjiang's social stability. They are hence the focus of the work of the XPCC in guarding the border areas.
In 1990 the central government approved the placing of XPCC economic planning under direct state supervision. The XPCC remains an important component of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is subject to its leadership while under the management of relevant departments of the central government. The adoption of such a dual leadership system signifies an innovative reform in the Corps' administrative subordination, one which facilitates the coordination of leadership over the Corps between the central government and the autonomous region government, and the Corps' fulfillment of its responsibilities, and betters the relations between the Corps and relevant departments of the central authorities, thus promoting the Corps' development. Over the years, the central government has granted policy support and funding to the XPCC in the fields of public services, public security, education, science and technology, culture, health, agriculture, forestry, and water conservancy, so injecting great energy and new vitality into the economic and social development of the XPCC.
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