1962年，新疆伊犁、塔城地区先后发生了边民越境事件。根据国家部署，兵团调遣了1.7万余名干部、职工奔赴当地维护社会治安，施行代耕、代牧、代管，并迅速在新疆伊犁、塔城、阿勒泰、哈密地区和博尔塔拉蒙古自治州等长达2000多公里的边境沿线建立了纵深10公里到30公里的边境团场带。这对于稳定新疆、维护国家边防安全发挥了不可替代的重要作用，改善了国家西北边防的战略态势。到1966年底，兵团总人口达到148.54万，拥有农牧团场158个。
“文化大革命”(1966-1976年)期间，兵团屯垦戍边事业受到严重破坏。1975年3月，兵团建制被撤销，成立新疆维吾尔自治区农垦总局，主管全疆国营农牧团场的业务工作。1981年12月，中央政府决定恢复兵团建制，名称由原有的“中国人民解放军新疆军区生产建设兵团”改为“新疆生产建设兵团”，兵团开始了二次创业。30多年时间里，兵团对国有农牧场进行了大包干责任制、兴办职工家庭农场、企业承包经营责任制、发展多种经济成分等方面的改革，兴办工业，建设城镇，兵团的屯垦戍边事业不断迈向新的阶段。
In 1962 some local residents in Xinjiang's Ili and Tacheng crossed the frontier. By order of the state, the XPCC dispatched more than 17,000 officials and workers to Ili and Tacheng to maintain public order and tend the farmland and livestock of those who had fled. They quickly set up a belt of regimental farms ranging from 10 to 30 kilometers in breadth along the more than 2,000-kilometer-long boundaries of Ili, Tacheng, Altay, Hami, and Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. They played a crucial role in maintaining stability in Xinjiang, safeguarding national border security, and improving China's strategic position in its northwest border defense. By the end of 1966, the Corps had 158 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms, with a population of 1,485,400.
During the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), the XPCC suffered serious disruption in fulfilling its mission of cultivating and guarding the border areas. In March 1975 the Corps was dissolved. The General Administration of Land Reclamation of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was founded to take charge of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms in Xinjiang. In December 1981 the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps organizational system. It renamed the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The Corps then recommenced its pioneering work. Over the past 30 years or more, the XPCC has introduced reforms by expediting the general contract responsibility system and the enterprise contract responsibility system and setting up workers' household farms. It has also developed diverse sectors of the economy, promoted industrial development and established new cities and towns. The XPCC has thus scaled new heights of progress in its endeavor to cultivate and guard the border areas.
60年来，兵团以屯垦戍边为使命，遵循“不与民争利”的原则，在天山南北的戈壁荒漠和人烟稀少、环境恶劣的边境沿线，开荒造田，建成了一个个农牧团场，逐步建立起涵盖食品加工、轻工纺织、钢铁、煤炭、建材、电力、化工、机械等门类的工业体系，教育、科技、文化、卫生等各项社会事业取得长足发展。截至2013年底，兵团下辖14个师，176个团，辖区面积7.06万平方公里，耕地1244.77千公顷，总人口270.14万，占新疆总人口的11.9%。
二、职责与体制
新疆生产建设兵团是新疆维吾尔自治区的重要组成部分。兵团承担着国家赋予的屯垦戍边职责，实行党政军企合一体制，是在自己所辖垦区内，依照国家和新疆维吾尔自治区的法律、法规，自行管理内部行政、司法事务，在国家实行计划单列的特殊社会组织，受中央政府和新疆维吾尔自治区双重领导。
Over the past 60 years, in fulfilling its mission the XPCC has adhered to the principle of "not competing for benefits with the local people." The XPCC reclaimed farmland and successively built regimental agricultural and stock raising farms in the Gobi desert to the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and in the harsh natural environment of the desolate border areas. The XPCC has gradually established a multi-sector industrial system encompassing food processing, light industry, textiles, iron and steel, coal, building materials, electricity, chemicals, and machinery. It has also achieved significant progress in education, science and technology, culture, health, and other public sectors. By the end of 2013, the XPCC had 176 regiments, 14 divisions, an area of 70,600 square kilometers under its administration, including 1,244,770 hectares of farmland, and a population of 2,701,400, accounting for 11.9% of Xinjiang's total population.
II. Responsibilities and Structure
Constituting as it does an important part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the XPCC assumes the responsibilities entrusted to it by the state of cultivating and guarding the border areas, and operates an administrative system with unified Party, government, military, and enterprise roles. It is a special social organization that handles its own administrative and judicial affairs within the reclamation areas under its administration, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the state and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, with economic planning directly supervised by the state. It is subordinated to the dual leadership of the central government and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
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