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5. 时态转换
汉语以时态助词(着、了、过)以及时间副词或以添加词语来表示时态,总之是以词汇手段表示时体范畴。汉语思维中时间模糊度很大,似乎一切均在不言之中,汉语民族心理的时间默契感很强,一般情况下并不造成交际障碍。
(i) I was a modest, good-humoured boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. (Beerbolm)
我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子,是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
(译成汉语后,三个动词的时间模糊度很大。)
(ii) 胜利虽已在握,但观众还在大喊加油。
Even when victory was no longer at issue the crowd kept yelling “Pour it on! ”
(一般过去→过去进行)
6. 语气转换
如上所述,汉语不注重形态。语气范畴在汉语中是隐含的,但: (1)也可以以词语形式加以表述;(2)在很多的情况下,英语的假设语气范畴均被转换成直陈式;(3)通常伴随时态转换,如:
(i) She might have been pretty once, but now she was stout and her hair was untidy. (R. Zacks)
她过去也许很漂亮,但现在巳经发胖了,而且头发也很乱。(以词汇手段表达虚拟)
(ii) 如果我是你,我是不会再容忍下去的;你对他真是再好不过了。(直陈式假设分句、直陈式主谓句)
If I were you, I would never have kept my trap any longer. You could not be better to him.(虚拟,伴随时态转换)
7. 名词及代词数的转换
在泛指时汉语倾向于用复数,名词、代词皆然,而英语则常用单数。如下句:“Here's to woman! Would that we could fall into her arms without falling into her hands. ”(英国作家 J. Bierce 的一句俏皮话),宜将单数转为复数,“这一杯敬我们的妇女们!但愿我们只是投进她们的怀抱,而不是落入她们的手中”。英语常以单数作概指、 泛指,而汉语似常相反。