（二）规范司法行为

　　社会公平正义的维护应当落实到每一起案件的办理过程中，体现在每一个司法行为上。由于中国经济社会发展不平衡、司法人员司法能力存在差异、地方保护主义观念尚未根除等原因，司法裁量权的行使不透明、司法行为不规范等现象依然存在。近年来，中国司法机关积极推进量刑规范化改革，建立案例指导制度，加强案件管理，有力促进了司法行为的规范化。

　　推进量刑规范化改革。为了规范量刑活动，中国最高人民法院在总结试点经验的基础上，制定了《人民法院量刑指导意见（试行）》和《关于规范量刑程序若干问题的意见（试行）》。明确量刑步骤，细分法定刑幅度，明确量刑情节的量化标准。对于公诉案件，人民检察院依法提出量刑建议，当事人和辩护人、诉讼代理人可以提出量刑意见。在法庭审理中，建立相对独立的量刑程序，对与定罪、量刑有关的事实、证据进行调查、辩论。人民法院在刑事裁判文书中说明量刑理由。这些改革进一步规范了量刑裁判权，保障了量刑活动的公开与公正。

2. Standardizing Judicial Acts

Social fairness and justice shall be ensured in the trial of every case and in each judicial act. Due to the country's unbalanced economic and social development, different law-enforcement capabilities of judicial personnel and remnants of local protectionism, there are still problems like non-transparent exercise of judicial discretion and non-standardized judicial acts. In recent years, China's judicial organs have vigorously pushed forward the standardization of penalties, established the case guidance system, and enhanced case management, all of which have promoted standardization of judicial acts.

Standardizing penalties. To regulate acts in giving out a sentence, the Supreme People's Court, by summarizing pilot experiences, has formulated the Guiding Opinions on Sentencing by the People's Courts (Trial Implementation) and Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Regulation of Sentencing Procedures (Trial Implementation). Both documents clarify the sentencing processes, subdivide the range of statutory sentencing and clarify the quantification standards for different circumstances when giving out a sentence. For cases of public prosecution, the people's procuratorate provides suggestions on sentencing in accordance with the law, while the litigant, the defender and the procurator may give opinions on the penalty. Comparatively independent sentencing procedures have been established for court trials, so as to facilitate investigations and debates over the facts and evidence concerning conviction and sentencing in a case. The people's courts should explain the reasons for sentencing in their documents of criminal judgment. These reforms have further standardized sentencing jurisdiction, and maintained transparency and impartiality of sentencing.

　　建立案例指导制度。2010年，中国的司法机关出台了案例指导制度的相关规定，标志着中国特色的案例指导制度得以确立。与英美法系的判例制度不同，中国的案例指导制度是在以成文法为主的法律体系下，运用案例对法律规定的准确理解和适用进行指导的一种制度。近年来，中国司法机关选择法律适用问题比较典型的案例作为指导性案例予以发布，供各级司法人员处理类似案件时参照。案例指导制度促进了司法自由裁量权的规范行使，加强了法律适用的统一性。

　　加强对案件办理的管理。人民法院、人民检察院分别成立专门的案件管理机构，加强办案流程管理和质量管理。截至2012年5月，全国共有近1400家法院设立了专门的审判管理机构，近1600家检察院设立了专门的案件管理机构。公安机关在基层执法机构普遍配备专（兼）职法制员，对案件办理情况进行监督和检查。司法机关普遍建立了案件管理信息化平台，实行网上办案、监督和考核，提升了案件办理的规范化水平。

Establishing the case guidance system. In 2010, China's judicial organs issued regulations on building a case guidance system, marking the establishment of a case guidance system with Chinese characteristics. Different from the system of case judgment in the common law, China's case guidance system - under the statutory law - uses cases to give directions for the accurate understanding and appropriate application of the provisions of laws. In recent years, judicial organs have made public cases that are typical in the application of laws as guiding cases and references for judicial personnel at all levels to settle similar cases. The case guidance system has improved the standardized exercise of judicial discretion, and enhanced uniformity in the application of the law.

Enhancing case management. The people's courts and people's procuratorates have set up special case management institutions to improve the management of case-handling procedures and quality. By the end of May, 2012, nearly 1,400 people's courts had set up special trial management institutions, and nearly 1,600 people's procuratorates had set up special case management institutions. Public security organs have arranged for full-time/part-time legal personnel at the basic-level law enforcement organs to supervise and examine the process of case handling. Judicial organs have widely established information platforms for case management, which have realized online case handling, supervision and appraisal, and improved the level of standardized case handling.