司法制度是政治制度的重要组成部分，司法公正是社会公正的重要保障。

　　新中国成立特别是改革开放以来，中国坚持从国情出发，在承继中国传统法律文化优秀成果、借鉴人类法治文明的基础上，探索建立并不断完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，维护了社会公正，为人类法治文明作出了重要贡献。

　　中国的司法制度总体上与社会主义初级阶段的基本国情相适应，符合人民民主专政的国体和人民代表大会制度的政体。同时，随着改革开放的不断深入特别是社会主义市场经济的发展、依法治国基本方略的全面落实和民众司法需求的日益增长，中国司法制度迫切需要改革、完善和发展。

The judicial system is a major component of the political system, while judicial impartiality is a significant guarantee of social justice.

Since the founding of New China in 1949, and especially since the reform and 

opening-up policies were introduced some three decades ago, China, proceeding 

from its national conditions, carrying on the achievements of Chinese traditional 

legal culture and learning from other civilizations regarding their rule of law, has been building and improving its socialist judicial system with Chinese 

characteristics, safeguarding social justice and making significant contributions to the rule of law of the mankind.

China's judicial system is generally consistent with its basic national conditions at the primary stage of socialism, its state system of people's democratic dictatorship, and its government system of the National People's Congress. With the further development of China's reform and opening up, particularly due to the development of the socialist market economy, the comprehensive implementation of the fundamental principle of rule of law, and the increasing demands of the public for justice, China's judicial system urgently needs to be reformed, improved and developed.

　　近些年来，中国积极、稳妥、务实地推进司法体制和工作机制改革，以维护司法公正为目标，以优化司法职权配置、加强人权保障、提高司法能力、践行司法为民为重点，进一步完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，扩大司法民主，推行司法公开，保证司法公正，为中国经济发展和社会和谐稳定提供了有力的司法保障。

　　一、司法制度和改革进程

　　1949年中华人民共和国建立，开启了中国司法制度建设的新纪元。1949年9月颁布的具有临时宪法性质的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》和《中华人民共和国中央人民政府组织法》，奠定了新中国的法制基石。1954年制定的《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国人民法院组织法》、《中华人民共和国人民检察院组织法》等法律、法令，规定了人民法院、人民检察院的组织体系和基本职能，确立了合议制度、辩护制度、公开审判制度、人民陪审员制度、法律监督制度、人民调解制度，形成了中国司法制度的基本体系。

In recent years, China has been promoting the reform of the judicial system and its work mechanism vigorously, steadily and pragmatically. Aiming to safeguard judicial justice and focusing on optimizing the allocation of judicial functions and power, enhancing protection of human rights, improving judicial capacity, and practicing the principle of "judicature for the people," China has been striving to improve its judicial system with Chinese characteristics, expand judicial democracy, promote judicial openness and ensure judicial impartiality. This provides a solid judicial guarantee for China's economic development, social harmony and national stability. 

 I. Judicial System and Reform Process 

 The founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 ushered in a new era for the building of China's judicial system. The Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, which functioned as a provisional Constitution, and the Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, both promulgated in September 1949, laid the cornerstone for legal construction in New China. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1954, the Organic Law of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China, the Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates of the People's Republic of China among other laws and regulations, defined the organic system and basic functions of the people's courts and procuratorates, established the systems of collegiate panels, defense, public trial, people's jurors, legal supervision, civil mediation, putting into place the basic framework of China's judicial system.